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Adipose Tissue as a Central Driver of Obesity-Related Complications

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2026 | Viewed by 2475

Editors


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Guest Editor

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Guest Editor
Doctoral School, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania Pitesti Emergency County Hospital, 110283 Pitesti, Romania
Interests: diabetes; pharmacy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Obesity has emerged as a defining feature of the global pandemic of non-communicable chronic diseases, with a steadily increasing prevalence despite sustained public health efforts. Beyond its epidemiological scale, obesity is now recognized as a disorder of adipose tissue biology, characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy, impaired lipid buffering, and a shift toward a pro-inflammatory secretory phenotype. Dysfunctional adipose tissue drives a network of molecular disturbances—including dysregulated adipokine signaling, chronic low-grade inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress—that collectively promote insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease.

This Special Issue aims to provide an integrative perspective on the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying adipose tissue dysfunction that initiates and sustains obesity-related tissue injury. We invite original research and reviews addressing adipokine-mediated crosstalk; immune cell infiltration and inflammatory remodeling; pathways linking adipocyte dysfunction to insulin resistance and β-cell failure; and cardiovascular remodeling in metabolic dysregulation. Additional topics include ectopic lipid deposition, organ-specific lipotoxicity, and translational links to clinical cardiometabolic phenotypes.

Emphasis will be placed on pharmacological interventions—including GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors—and emerging therapies targeting adipose tissue biology. We warmly invite researchers across disciplines to contribute their work and perspectives, and to join us in advancing the understanding of adipose tissue dysfunction in cardiometabolic disease.

Dr. Anca Pantea Stoian
Dr. Teodor Salmen
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • obesity
  • adipose tissue
  • adipokine
  • cardiometabolic disease
  • metabolic complications

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 2592 KB  
Article
Combined Short-Chain Fatty Acids Induce an Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Chemotactic Secretory Profile from 3T3-L1 Adipocytes in Normoxic and Hypoxic Environmental Conditions
by Ala Alzubi, Hannah X. Glowacki, Kelsey Van, Clara E. Cho and Jennifer M. Monk
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(15), 6583; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156583 - 24 Jul 2026
Viewed by 232
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are typically produced in a 3:1:1 ratio, respectively, via microbial fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates, and to a lesser degree, from undigested protein. The effects of individual SCFAs on adipocyte function have been described; however, the [...] Read more.
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are typically produced in a 3:1:1 ratio, respectively, via microbial fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates, and to a lesser degree, from undigested protein. The effects of individual SCFAs on adipocyte function have been described; however, the effects of SCFAs in combination on adipocyte function remain unknown. Mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with a 1 mM total dose of acetate, propionate, and butyrate combined in a 3:1:1 ratio, respectively, for 24 h ± lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 ng/mL) under both normoxic and hypoxic (via the addition of 100 µM cobalt chloride) environmental conditions. In both normoxic and hypoxic LPS-stimulated conditions, SCFAs increased the secretion of adiponectin and reduced the secretion of resistin, interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2, and RANTES/CCL5, in addition to reducing intracellular protein levels of activated (i.e., the ratio of phosphorylated-to-total) nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) p65 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) (p < 0.05). Additionally, SCFA treatment reduced leptin secretion only in LPS-stimulated normoxic environmental conditions compared to control (p < 0.05). In normoxic conditions, SCFA + LPS increased mRNA expression of genes involved in fat storage), fatty acid recycling, and lipolysis, whereas in hypoxic conditions, SCFA + LPS decreased mRNA expression of genes involved in fat storage and triglyceride synthesis (p < 0.05), indicating different effects of SCFAs on adipocyte metabolic function depending on hypoxia status. Collectively, combined SCFAs in a 3:1:1 ratio beneficially modify the adipocyte adipokine secretory profile under both normoxic and hypoxic environmental conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipose Tissue as a Central Driver of Obesity-Related Complications)
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22 pages, 604 KB  
Article
Circulating METRNL, Adipocytokines, and Insulin-Resistance Markers After Repeated Whole-Body Cryotherapy in Women of Different Ages
by Magdalena Wiecek, Malgorzata Kantorowicz, Jadwiga Szymura, Justyna Kusmierczyk, Maria Lipowska and Zbigniew Szygula
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(13), 6019; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27136019 - 4 Jul 2026
Viewed by 427
Abstract
Metabolic risk increases with age and may be accompanied by changes in adipocytokine secretion and insulin sensitivity. The primary exploratory aim of this prospective, uncon-trolled study was to determine whether repeated whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) changes circulating meteorin-like hormone (METRNL) concentrations in women of [...] Read more.
Metabolic risk increases with age and may be accompanied by changes in adipocytokine secretion and insulin sensitivity. The primary exploratory aim of this prospective, uncon-trolled study was to determine whether repeated whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) changes circulating meteorin-like hormone (METRNL) concentrations in women of different ages. Secondary exploratory outcomes included irisin, asprosin, leptin, adiponectin, insulin, fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profile, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride–glucose index (TyG), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and the leptin/adiponectin ratio. A total of 48 women were divided into three groups: GR-60 (60–70 years, n = 14), GR-40 (40–50 years, n = 18), and GR-20 (20–30 years, n = 16). Participants underwent 30 WBC sessions, each lasting 3 min at minus 120 °C. Blood samples were collected before the first WBC session, after the 10th, 20th, and 30th sessions, and two weeks after the final session. Repeated WBC did not significantly change circulating METRNL or other adipocytokines in any age group. A preliminary decrease in insulin concentration and HOMA-IR was observed after 20 WBC sessions only in GR-60. These findings suggest that repeated WBC may be associated with favorable changes in selected insulin-resistance markers in older postmenopausal women; however, the absence of a non-WBC control group, small subgroup sizes, and the multiplicity burden preclude causal or therapeutic conclusions. Randomized controlled studies are needed to verify these exploratory observations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipose Tissue as a Central Driver of Obesity-Related Complications)
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15 pages, 2843 KB  
Article
Association Between Metabolic Parameters and FTO Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase (FTO), Transcription Factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), and Solute Carrier Family 16 Member 11 (SLC16A11) Alleles in Mexican Children and Adolescents
by Adriana Díaz-Anzaldúa, José Octavio Hernández-Lagunas, Andrés García-Sibaja, Ilse Mandujano-Ramírez, Alfonso Cabrera Lagunes, Lino Palacios-Cruz and Ana Rodriguez-Ventura
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(13), 5948; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27135948 - 2 Jul 2026
Viewed by 438
Abstract
Rs9939609 marker in FTO Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase (FTO) gene, rs7895307 in Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 (TCF7L2) gene, and rs75493593 in Solute Carrier Family 16 Member 11 (SLC16A11) gene have been associated with anthropometric, metabolic, and clinical variables, but [...] Read more.
Rs9939609 marker in FTO Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase (FTO) gene, rs7895307 in Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 (TCF7L2) gene, and rs75493593 in Solute Carrier Family 16 Member 11 (SLC16A11) gene have been associated with anthropometric, metabolic, and clinical variables, but have not been concurrently studied in Mexican children and adolescents with adiposity or mental disorders. In this cross-sectional association study, we genotyped these markers by means of TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction in two at-risk pediatric cohorts recruited in Mexico City. Group 1 (n = 175) comprised children and adolescents with overweight/obesity. Group 2 (n = 296) consisted of non-medicated adolescents meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition criteria for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or a mood disorder. Anthropometric measurements (body mass index —BMI—, waist circumference, body fat percentage), metabolic indices (fasting glucose, lipid profile, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance), and psychiatric diagnoses were evaluated. In Group 1, the FTO A allele (genotypes AA/AT) was significantly associated with severe obesity according to BMI Z scores (p = 0.004, O.R. 3.33, 95% CI [1.42–7.77]), and it was a predictor of waist circumference (B = 6.16, 95% CI [1.78–10.55], p = 0.006) and muscle percentage (B = 4.21%, 95% CI [0.91–7.51%], p = 0.013) using linear regression models adjusted for age and sex. In Group 2, TCF7L2 AA genotype was associated with increased odds of depression (B = 0.83, p = 0.003, OR = 2.29, 95% CI [1.32–3.96]). While SLC16A11 G allele showed a possible association with insulin resistance or glucose levels, confirmation is needed. These exploratory results highlight the need for larger, well characterized cohort studies to confirm the associations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipose Tissue as a Central Driver of Obesity-Related Complications)
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