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Signaling Pathways in Neuroinflammation or Neurodegenerative Disorders

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Neurobiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2026) | Viewed by 1892

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
Interests: oxidative stress; nutrition; cell physiology; animal model; inflammation; molecular pathways
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Research into neurodegenerative illnesses, such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, has revealed that inflammation plays a critical role in the process of neurodegeneration in addition to being a symptom of it. Protein aggregates, a prevalent pathogenic feature in neurodegeneration, can trigger neuroinflammation, exacerbating both the neurodegenerative process and the protein aggregates. In fact, inflammation occurs even before the aggregation of proteins. For instance. certain susceptible populations may experience protein deposition as a result of neuroinflammation brought on by genetic differences in CNS cells or by peripheral immune cells. Though they are still far from being fully understood, a variety of CNS cells and a number of signaling pathways have been implicated in the etiology of neurodegeneration. This Special Issue aims to provide a thorough overview of the variables influencing neuroinflammation and the main inflammatory signaling pathways implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative illnesses. In vitro and in vivo investigations are welcome as well as clinical studies that provide compelling scientific evidence for the effectiveness of novel molecular mechanisms limiting the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.

Dr. Marika Cordaro
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • inflammation
  • neuroinflammation
  • oxidative stress
  • neurodegenerative disorders
  • pathology
  • molecular pathways
  • dysregulation
  • mitochondrial dysfunction

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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23 pages, 13805 KB  
Article
Systemic Inflammation Aggravates Retinal Ganglion Cell Vulnerability to Optic Nerve Trauma in Adult Rats
by Giuseppe Rovere, Yolanda Caja-Matas, Beatriz Vidal-Villegas, José M. Bernal-Garro, Paloma Sobrado-Calvo, Manuel Salinas-Navarro, Carlo Nucci, María Paz Villegas-Pérez, Manuel Vidal-Sanz, Marta Agudo-Barriuso and Francisco M. Nadal-Nicolás
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031502 - 3 Feb 2026
Viewed by 808
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is increasingly recognized as a modifier of neurodegenerative outcomes in the central nervous system; however, its impact on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and retinal microglial responses following optic nerve (ON) injury in vivo remains incompletely understood. In this study, we [...] Read more.
Systemic inflammation is increasingly recognized as a modifier of neurodegenerative outcomes in the central nervous system; however, its impact on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and retinal microglial responses following optic nerve (ON) injury in vivo remains incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated how systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation influences retinal microglial activation and RGC vulnerability under physiological conditions and after traumatic ON damage. In adult female rats, systemic LPS administration by intraperitoneal injection induced rapid and robust microglial activation, characterized by process retraction and soma hypertrophy within hours and promoting microglial proliferation at later stages but without causing RGC loss in intact retinas. Following ON crush, systemic inflammation did not affect early RGC degeneration but significantly exacerbated neuronal loss during the late acute phase. This increased vulnerability was accompanied by a marked rise in microglial density and a pronounced redistribution of microglia toward the central retina and the ON head, a region of heightened anatomical and metabolic susceptibility. Together, these findings demonstrate that, in rats, systemic inflammation alone is insufficient to induce RGC degeneration but acts as a potent priming factor that amplifies neurodegeneration in the context of axonal injury. The temporal and spatial specificity of microglial responses underscores their context-dependent role in retinal pathology and identifies systemic inflammatory status as a critical determinant of retinal outcome after trauma. Targeted, time-dependent modulation of microglial activation may therefore represent a promising therapeutic strategy for optic neuropathies. Full article
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22 pages, 2801 KB  
Article
Usefulness of C. elegans Models of Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s Disease to Evaluate Novel Imidazoline I2 Receptor Ligands
by Teresa Taboada-Jara, Marta Ribalta, Fernando Romero-Becerra, Joel Muixí, Aina Bellver-Sanchis, Christian Griñán-Ferré, Carmen Escolano and Mercè Pallàs
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(7), 3282; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27073282 - 4 Apr 2026
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD) and Huntington’s (HD) remain major therapeutic challenges due to limited treatment efficacy. Imidazoline I2 receptor (I2-IR) ligands have recently emerged as promising neuroprotective agents, with reported roles in modulating oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein aggregation. This study [...] Read more.
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD) and Huntington’s (HD) remain major therapeutic challenges due to limited treatment efficacy. Imidazoline I2 receptor (I2-IR) ligands have recently emerged as promising neuroprotective agents, with reported roles in modulating oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein aggregation. This study evaluates the therapeutic potential of several I2-IR ligands, including Idazoxan, CR4056, and novel compounds, using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) models of AD and HD. Transgenic strains CL2006 (expressing human Aβ1-42) and EAK103 (expressing Ht513) were employed to assess locomotor activity, oxidative stress tolerance, Aβ and Ht aggregation, and sod-1 gene expression. Several ligands significantly improved movement, reduced Aβ and Ht aggregates, and enhanced antioxidant gene expression, particularly Idazoxan, LSL42, and PIP01. Notably, some compounds exhibited prooxidant effects, highlighting the utility of C. elegans for early in vivo toxicity screening. Importantly, this study provides the first in vivo evidence of the efficacy of I2-IR ligands in HD models and reinforces their potential as therapeutic candidates for HD. Overall, these findings suggest a potential role for modulation of I2-IR-related pathways in neurodegeneration and support the utility of C. elegans as a rapid, cost-effective platform for preclinical drug evaluation. Full article
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