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New Challenges in Human & Animal Vaccines
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New Challenges in Human & Animal Vaccines

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Biochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 65497

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Chang Won Choi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biotechnology, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 35345, Republic of Korea
Interests: antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; antimicrobial; antiviral; anticancer
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Vaccines are one of the most powerful and effective healthcare advances ever developed. Nevertheless, the most effective vaccine candidate for an economical price is still lacking for developing-world populations. Several factors limit complete global immunization and among these is the cost of procuring and distributing vaccines in lower-income countries. In this view, the topic focuses on the development of an economical vaccine candidate against infectious diseases for humans and animals for the global public good. Therefore, a new strategy is required to induce a broad range of protective immunity against bacterial, fungal, or viral pathogens. In particular, we need to develop a vaccine technology platform, targeting quality, efficacy, safety, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and affordability. Possible vaccine candidates include live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, toxoid vaccines, conjugate vaccines, DNA vaccines and recombinant vector vaccines. Recently, researchers worldwide have developed new vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing the COVID-19 pandemic. There are two main approaches to designing a vaccine. A vaccine produced by Pfizer or Moderna is made using mRNA, a technology that delivers mRNA instructions for cells to build the surface protein (spike) of SARS-CoV-2. Another vaccine produced by J&J or AstraZenaca is a viral vectored vaccine to instruct human cells to make the SARS-2 spike protein, which then triggers an immune response. A harmless adenovirus has been engineered to carry the genetic code for the SARS-2 spike protein. Once the adenovirus enters cells, they use that code to make spike proteins.

In this Special Issue, possible approaches cover the fundamental discovery of vaccine candidates and their delivery systems through to their preclinical/clinical trials. In addition, the topic includes normal immunologic responses to vaccination, patterns of abnormal responses, and methods for assessing these responses. The immune response should include a general evaluation of the immune system, including measurements of antibody levels and functional assessments of different immune cells, as well as cytokines. I wish to thank all authors for their contributions to this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Chang Won Choi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Keywords

  • Vaccine candidates
  • Broad range of protective immunity
  • Vaccine technology platform
  • Immune responses
  • Delivery system
  • Discovery, preclinical and clinical trials

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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19 pages, 4581 KiB  
Article
Protective Immunity against Listeria monocytogenes in Rats, Provided by HCl- and NaOH-Induced Listeria monocytogenes Bacterial Ghosts (LMGs) as Vaccine Candidates
by Seongmi Ji, Eun Sun Moon, Han Byul Noh, Hyun Jung Park, Seongdae Kim, Sung Oh, Nagarajan Vinod, Chang Won Choi and Kilhan Kwak
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(4), 1946; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23041946 - 9 Feb 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2811
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) bacterial ghosts (LMGs) were produced by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HCl, H2SO4, and NaOH. Acid and alkali effects on the LMGs were compared by in vitro and in vivo analyses. Scanning electron [...] Read more.
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) bacterial ghosts (LMGs) were produced by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HCl, H2SO4, and NaOH. Acid and alkali effects on the LMGs were compared by in vitro and in vivo analyses. Scanning electron microscope showed that all chemicals form lysis pores on the Lm cell envelopes. Real-time qPCR revealed a complete absence of genomic DNA in HCl- and H2SO4-induced LMGs but not in NaOH-induced LMGs. HCl-, H2SO4- and NaOH-induced LMGs showed weaker or missing protein bands on SDS-PAGE gel when compared to wild-type Lm. Murine macrophages exposed to the HCl-induced LMGs showed higher cell viability than those exposed to NaOH-induced LMGs or wild-type Lm. The maximum level of cytokine expression (TNF-α, iNOS, IFN-γ, and IL-10 mRNA) was observed in the macrophages exposed to NaOH-induced LMGs, while that of IL-1β mRNA was observed in the macrophages exposed to HCl-induced LMGs. To investigate LMGs as a vaccine candidate, mice were divided into PBS buffer-injected, HCl- and NaOH-induced LMGs immunized groups. Mice vaccinated with HCl- and NOH-induced LMGs, respectively, significantly increased in specific IgG antibodies, bactericidal activities of serum, and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell population. Antigenic Lm proteins reacted with antisera against HCl- and NOH-induced LMGs, respectively. Bacterial loads in HCl- and NaOH-induced LMGs immunized mice were significantly lower than PBS-injected mice after virulent Lm challenges. It suggested that vaccination with LMGs induces both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and protects against virulent challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Human & Animal Vaccines)
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15 pages, 315 KiB  
Opinion
Understanding the Pharmacology of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: Playing Dice with the Spike?
by Marco Cosentino and Franca Marino
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(18), 10881; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810881 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 61694
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines are the mainstays of mass vaccination campaigns in most Western countries. However, the emergency conditions in which their development took place made it impossible to fully characterize their effects and mechanism of action. Here, we summarize and discuss [...] Read more.
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines are the mainstays of mass vaccination campaigns in most Western countries. However, the emergency conditions in which their development took place made it impossible to fully characterize their effects and mechanism of action. Here, we summarize and discuss available evidence indicating that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines better reflect pharmaceutical drugs than conventional vaccines, as they do not contain antigens but an active SARS-CoV-2 S protein mRNA, representing at the same time an active principle and a prodrug, which upon intracellular translation results in the endogenous production of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Both vaccine-derived SARS-CoV-2 S protein mRNA and the resulting S protein exhibit a complex pharmacology and undergo systemic disposition. Defining COVID-19 mRNA vaccines as pharmaceutical drugs has straightforward implications for their pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, clinical and post-marketing safety assessment. Only an accurate characterization of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines as pharmaceutical drugs will guarantee a safe, rational and individualized use of these products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Human & Animal Vaccines)
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