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Lipid and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Cardiovascular Diseases

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A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 9232

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Fernando Civeira

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Guest Editor

Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
Interests: diabetes; obesity; metabolic; diet

Dr. Itziar Lamiquiz-Moneo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
Interests: diabetes; obesity; metabolic; diet

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lipids and fatty acids are a major component of the human daily diet, which play various essential physiological roles. The human body evolves multiple mechanisms to maintain lipid homeostasis, such as low-density lipoprotein receptor mediates clearance of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; phospholipid transfer protein mediates the transfer of phospholipids from apoB-containing triglyceride-rich lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein, etc. Disorders of Lipids and fatty acid metabolism may cause dyslipidemia, for example, hypercholesterolemia, or other types of hyperlipidemia, which is a critical factor of various human diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease and other Metabolic diseases.

This Special issue will focus on the effects of Lipids and fatty acids metabolism related to human diseases, covering the molecular mechanisms, pathological factors, therapeutic methods and other aspects. Both comprehensive reviews and original articles are welcomed.

Prof. Dr. Fernando Civeira
Dr. Itziar Lamiquiz-Moneo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

fatty acid metabolism
hyperlipidemia
dyslipidemia
hypercholesterolemia
cardiovascular diseases

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

APOE Genotypes Modulate Inflammation Independently of Their Effect on Lipid Metabolism

by María Civeira-Marín, Ana Cenarro, Victoria Marco-Benedí, Ana M. Bea, Rocío Mateo-Gallego, Belén Moreno-Franco, José M. Ordovás, Martín Laclaustra, Fernando Civeira and Itziar Lamiquiz-Moneo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(21), 12947; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232112947 - 26 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1461

Abstract

The association between APOE genotypes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is partially mediated by LDL-cholesterol concentration but persists after adjusting for lipid levels and other cardiovascular risk factors. Data from the Aragon Workers Health Study (AWHS) (n = 4159) and the Lipid Unit at the Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (HUMS) (n = 3705) were used to investigate the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and APOE genotype. Lipoprotein particle and GlycA concentrations were analyzed in a subsample from AWHS. APOE genotyping was carried out by the Sanger method in both cohorts. APOE4 carriers had significantly lower levels of CRP than APOE3 carriers. Furthermore, APOE4 carriers had cholesterol-enriched LDL particles compared to APOE2 carriers. APOE4 carriers also had higher concentrations of small, medium, and large LDL particles. CRP levels were not associated with lipoprotein particle number, size, or composition. GlycA levels were not associated with APOE genotypes. However, GlycA levels were significantly associated with the size and the amount of cholesterol contained in HDL, VLDL, and LDL particles. APOE genotype influences CRP concentration regardless of lipid profile. APOE2 carriers showed the highest CRP levels, followed by APOE3 and APOE4. A more atherogenic lipid profile, but not inflammatory markers could partly explain the higher CVD risk observed in APOE4 carriers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipid and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Cardiovascular Diseases)

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12 pages, 1539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 in the Characterization of Atrial Fibrillation and the Prediction of Outcomes after Catheter Ablation

by José Nicolás López-Canoa, Marinela Couselo-Seijas, Teba González-Ferrero, Cristina Almengló, Ezequiel Álvarez, Adrián González-Maestro, Laila González-Melchor, José Luis Martínez-Sande, Javier García-Seara, Jesús Fernández-López, Bahij Kreidieh, Eva González-Babarro, José Ramón González-Juanatey, Sonia Eiras and Moisés Rodríguez-Mañero

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 11107; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911107 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1931

Abstract

Aims: The utility of biomarkers in characterizing atrial cardiomyopathy is unclear. We aim to test the ability of biomarkers of fibrosis (galectin-3 (Gal-3)) and adiposity (fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) and leptin) to predict: (1) the presence of low-voltage areas (LVA) in the electroanatomic voltage mapping; and (2) the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Methods: Patients referred for PVI were enrolled. Areas of bipolar voltage < 0.5 mV were considered as LVA. An aggregate score incorporating AF pattern (paroxysmal, persistent and long-standing persistent) and peripheral levels of FABP4 (>20 ng/mL) was developed. Results: 299 patients were included. AF was paroxysmal in 100 (33%), persistent in 130 (43%) and long-standing persistent in 69 (23%). Multivariable analysis revealed age, left atrium area, and the proposed score as independent predictors of LVA. During a mean follow-up period of 972 ± 451 days, freedom from AF recurrence was 63%. The score incorporating AF pattern and FABP4 levels accurately predicted freedom from AF recurrence, stratifying risk into ranges from 28% (score of 1) to 68% (score of 3). Cox regression models identified the score including AF pattern + FABP4 as the best model for AF recurrence (hazard ratio 2.32; 95% CI, 1.19 to 4.5; p = 0.014). Conclusions: Traditional clinical classification of atrial cardiomyopathy may be improved by markers of adiposity (FABP4). The combination allows better prediction of the presence of LVA and AF recurrence post-PVI. Gal-3 provided no added predictive value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipid and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Cardiovascular Diseases)

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11 pages, 589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polygenic Risk of Hypertriglyceridemia Is Modified by BMI

by Virginia Esteve-Luque, Marta Fanlo-Maresma, Ariadna Padró-Miquel, Emili Corbella, Maite Rivas-Regaira, Xavier Pintó and Beatriz Candás-Estébanez

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(17), 9837; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179837 - 30 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1753

Abstract

Background: Genetic risk scores (GRSs) have partially improved the understanding of the etiology of moderate hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), which until recently was mainly assessed by secondary predisposing causes. The main objective of this study was to assess whether this variability is due to the interaction between clinical variables and GRS. Methods: We analyzed 276 patients with suspected polygenic HTG. An unweighted GRS was developed with the following variants: c.724C > G (ZPR1 gene), c.56C > G (APOA5 gene), c.1337T > C (GCKR gene), g.19986711A > G (LPL gene), c.107 + 1647T > C (BAZ1B gene) and g.125478730A > T (TRIB gene). Interactions between the GRS and clinical variables (body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus, diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption, age and gender) were evaluated. Results: The GRS was associated with triglyceride (TG) concentrations. There was a significant interaction between BMI and GRS, with the intensity of the relationship between the number of alleles and the TG concentration being greater in individuals with a higher BMI. Conclusions: GRS is associated with plasma TG concentrations and is markedly influenced by BMI. This finding could improve the stratification of patients with a high genetic risk for HTG who could benefit from more intensive healthcare interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipid and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Cardiovascular Diseases)

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Review

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14 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pathophysiological Involvement of Mast Cells and the Lipid Mediators in Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling

by Hidenori Moriyama and Jin Endo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(7), 6619; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076619 - 1 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1432

Abstract

Mast cells are responsible for IgE-dependent allergic responses, but they also produce various bioactive mediators and contribute to the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases, including pulmonary hypertension (PH). The importance of lipid mediators in the pathogenesis of PH has become evident in recent years, as exemplified by prostaglandin I2, the most central therapeutic target in pulmonary arterial hypertension. New bioactive lipids other than eicosanoids have also been identified that are associated with the pathogenesis of PH. However, it remains largely unknown how mast cell-derived lipid mediators are involved in pulmonary vascular remodeling. Recently, it has been demonstrated that mast cells produce epoxidized n-3 fatty acid (n-3 epoxides) in a degranulation-independent manner, and that n-3 epoxides produced by mast cells regulate the abnormal activation of pulmonary fibroblasts and suppress the progression of pulmonary vascular remodeling. This review summarizes the role of mast cells and bioactive lipids in the pathogenesis of PH. In addition, we introduce the pathophysiological role and therapeutic potential of n-3 epoxides, a mast cell-derived novel lipid mediator, in the pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH. Further knowledge of mast cells and lipid mediators is expected to lead to the development of innovative therapies targeting pulmonary vascular remodeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipid and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Cardiovascular Diseases)

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21 pages, 1795 KiB

Open AccessReview

Classes of Lipid Mediators and Their Effects on Vascular Inflammation in Atherosclerosis

by Valter Lubrano, Rudina Ndreu and Silvana Balzan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(2), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021637 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2120

Abstract

It is commonly believed that the inactivation of inflammation is mainly due to the decay or cessation of inducers. In reality, in connection with the development of atherosclerosis, spontaneous decay of inducers is not observed. It is now known that lipid mediators originating from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are important constituents of all cell membranes, can act in the inflamed tissue and bring it to resolution. In fact, PUFAs, such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are precursors to both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory compounds. In this review, we describe the lipid mediators of vascular inflammation and resolution, and their biochemical activity. In addition, we highlight data from the literature that often show a worsening of atherosclerotic disease in subjects deficient in lipid mediators of inflammation resolution, and we also report on the anti-proteasic and anti-thrombotic properties of these same lipid mediators. It should be noted that despite promising data observed in both animal and in vitro studies, contradictory clinical results have been observed for omega-3 PUFAs. Many further studies will be required in order to clarify the observed conflicts, although lifestyle habits such as smoking or other biochemical factors may often influence the normal synthesis of lipid mediators of inflammation resolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipid and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Cardiovascular Diseases)

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