Classes of Lipid Mediators and Their Effects on Vascular Inflammation in Atherosclerosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Class 1: Eicosanoids
2.1. Molecular and Biochemical Characteristic of PROSTANOIDS
2.2. Molecular and Biochemical Characteristic of LTs and HETEs
2.3. Molecular and Biochemical Characteristic of Lxs
2.4. Molecular and Biochemical Characteristic of EETs
2.5. Role of Prostanoids, LTs, HETEs, LXs, EETs in Atherosclerotic Progression
3. Class 2: Lysophospholipids
3.1. Molecular and Biochemical Characteristics of PAF, LPA and SP1
3.2. Role of PAF, LPA, and SP1 in Atherosclerotic Progression
4. Class 3: ω-3 PUFA Derivatives
4.1. Molecular and Biochemical Characteristics of Rvs, PDs and MaRs
4.2. Role of PRLMs in Atherosclerotic Progression
4.3. Protective Function of ω-3 Fatty Acid Diet in Atherosclerotic Progression
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Studies in Animal Models | Lipid Mediators | Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
ApoE-deficient mice | ↑ TXA2 | ↑ Atherogenesis | [48] |
↓ PGI2 | ↑ Atherogenesis | [48] | |
Mice deficient in LDL receptor/mPGEs 1 | ↑ PGI2 | ↓ Atherosclerosis | [49,50] |
Mice COX-2 knockout | ↑ HBP, Trombosis | [51] | |
ALOX15-deficient mice | ↓ HETES | ↑ resistance L-NAME-induced hypertension | [52] |
Mice Ang II-induced hypertension | ↓EETS↑ sEH | ↑ AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy | [53] |
Administration of PAF receptor antagonist (SDZ 63.675) before reperfusion of the ischemic-isolated rabbit heart | ↓ PAF | ↓ Myocardial injury during reperfusion | [54] |
Male LDLr−/− mice (two weeks cholesterol + cacao butter diet) before surgery of carotid artery | ↑ LPA in atherosclerotic tissue | Atherosclerotic Lesion Progression | [55] |
WT mice administered with soluble carrier for S1P (ApoM-Fc) after I/R injury in heart | ↑ SP1 Receptor | ↓ Myocardial damage after I/R injury | [56] |
Myocardial I/R in mouse | ↑ RvE, RvD, PD, MaR | ↓ ROS, Inflammation | [57,58,59] |
Lipid Mediators | Effects | Ref |
---|---|---|
↑ TXA2 | Systemic inflammation, myocardial ischemia | [61] |
↑ LTs | Inflammation, CV risk, MI | [64,65] |
↑ 12(S)-HETE | VSMC relaxation | [66] |
↓ EETs | Obstructed CAD | [67] |
↑ PAF | Ischemic events | [68,69,70] |
↑ LPA | Acute heart attacks and coronary syndrome | [71,72,73] |
↓ RvE1 | Vascular inflammation | [74,75] |
↓ 15-epi-LXA 4 | Disease severity | [74,76] |
Study | Design | Supplementation | End Point | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
GISSI-Prevenzione Trials | Clinical trial of 11,324 post-MI patients | Fish oil 850–882 mg EPA and DHA | Reduction Death Risk | [201] |
Meta analysis of 14 clinical Trials | 135,291 subjects | 0.8-1.2 g omega-3 FA(EPA, DHA) | MACE, CVD, and MI | [202] |
Trial | 8179 participants and 5 years follow-up | 4 g/d ω-3 PUFA | 30% reduction CVE/ control | [203] |
JELIS trial in Japan | 18,645 patients with a total cholesterol of 6.5 mmol/L | 1800 mg of EPA daily | 19% reduction of coronary events | [204] |
Trial | Patients suffering of cardiovascular diseases | >1 g/d marine ɷ-3 fatty | Increased AF Risk | [205] |
Trial | Partecipants suffering major CVE and death | PUFA daily dose × period > 8 grams/day × years | More benefit/1 g/d for 1-year ω-3 PUFA | [206] |
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Lubrano, V.; Ndreu, R.; Balzan, S. Classes of Lipid Mediators and Their Effects on Vascular Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021637
Lubrano V, Ndreu R, Balzan S. Classes of Lipid Mediators and Their Effects on Vascular Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(2):1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021637
Chicago/Turabian StyleLubrano, Valter, Rudina Ndreu, and Silvana Balzan. 2023. "Classes of Lipid Mediators and Their Effects on Vascular Inflammation in Atherosclerosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2: 1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021637
APA StyleLubrano, V., Ndreu, R., & Balzan, S. (2023). Classes of Lipid Mediators and Their Effects on Vascular Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(2), 1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021637