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Current Insights into the Role of Exosomes in Intercellular Communication, 2nd Edition

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 1733

Special Issue Editor

1. The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel
2. The Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
3. Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel
Interests: telomeres; telomerase; cancer research; exosomes; microenvironment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) ranging in diameter from 30 to 150 nm. Formed by the endosomal membrane, they are practically secreted from all types of cells and cell microenvironments. In the human body, they travel in bodily liquids, such as blood, saliva, and urine. Exosomes contain thousands of molecules, including nucleic acids of all types, proteins, and lipids, reflecting the molecular makeup of their cells of origin. Upon travelling in bodily liquids, they may be engulfed by other recipient cells, where they release their cargo. Since part of the molecular cargo is biologically active, it may interfere with the host cells’ signal transduction pathways upon their cellular integration. Therefore, exosomes are considered mediators of cell–cell communications. As such, their roles in numerous biological activities are continuously being reported.

For this Special Issue of IJMS, we are gathering manuscripts focusing on the various roles of exosomes in cell–cell communications in all biological systems.

Dr. Orit Uziel
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • exosomes
  • extracellular vesicles
  • intracellular communication
  • intercellular communication

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

24 pages, 1739 KB  
Review
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Therapeutic Paradigm for Mitochondrial Dysfunctions
by Eman Salem Algariri, Fazlina Nordin, Min Hwei Ng, Izyan Mohd Idris, Norwahidah Abdul Karim, Gee Jun Tye and Wan Safwani Wan Kamarul Zaman
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(4), 1981; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27041981 - 19 Feb 2026
Viewed by 596
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central pathological feature of a wide range of inherited and acquired disorders and is characterized by impaired oxidative phosphorylation, disrupted cellular energy metabolism, and excessive oxidative stress. Although advances in molecular diagnostics have improved disease recognition, effective disease-modifying therapies [...] Read more.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central pathological feature of a wide range of inherited and acquired disorders and is characterized by impaired oxidative phosphorylation, disrupted cellular energy metabolism, and excessive oxidative stress. Although advances in molecular diagnostics have improved disease recognition, effective disease-modifying therapies remain limited, and clinical outcomes are often suboptimal, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have emerged as promising candidates for targeting mitochondrial dysfunction due to their regenerative, immunomodulatory, and metabolic regulatory properties. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the capacity of MSCs and MSC-EVs to restore mitochondrial function by enhancing mitochondrial respiration, improving cellular bioenergetics, and reducing oxidative stress across diverse disease models. We further discuss the underlying mechanisms involved, including mitochondrial transfer, delivery of functional mitochondrial components, and modulation of the cellular microenvironment. Finally, we highlight the key advantages, translational potential, and remaining challenges associated with MSC- and MSC-EV-based therapies for mitochondrial dysfunction. Full article
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Graphical abstract

32 pages, 1333 KB  
Review
Safety Assessment of Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapy in Regenerative Dentistry
by Bing-Huan Chuah, Jia-Xian Law, Xin-Fang Leong, Kok-Lun Pang, Yan-Rou Farm, Masfueh Razali and Sook-Luan Ng
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020798 - 13 Jan 2026
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 801
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapies have emerged as promising, cell-free approaches for dental tissue regeneration. This narrative review integrates mechanistic insights, therapeutic efficacy data, and safety and delivery considerations from in vitro and in vivo studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which EVs, [...] Read more.
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapies have emerged as promising, cell-free approaches for dental tissue regeneration. This narrative review integrates mechanistic insights, therapeutic efficacy data, and safety and delivery considerations from in vitro and in vivo studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which EVs, particularly those from dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), drive regenerative processes via key signalling axes (PI3K/Akt, MAPK, BMP/Smad, and Hedgehog). Preclinical studies demonstrate that unmodified and engineered EVs enhance odontogenic differentiation, angiogenesis, bone repair, and immunomodulation in models of pulp regeneration, alveolar bone defects, osteonecrosis, and periodontitis. Isolation and purification methodologies were also evaluated, comparing ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, and density-cushion approaches, and discussing how protocol variations affect EV purity, dosing metrics, and functional reproducibility. Early-phase clinical evaluations report only low-grade transient adverse events, underscoring a generally favourable safety profile. Despite these encouraging results, significant challenges remain: heterogeneity in EV cargo composition, lack of standardised potency assays, and incomplete long-term safety data. The review highlights the urgent need for rigorous, harmonised regulatory frameworks and robust quality control measures to ensure that EV-based modalities can be translated into safe, effective, and reproducible therapies in regenerative dentistry. Full article
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