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Aged Society, Occupational Safety and Health, and Work Sustainability

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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Occupational Safety and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 August 2023) | Viewed by 24450

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Byung Yong Jeong

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Guest Editor

Department of Industrial & Management Engineering, Hansung University, Seoul 02876, Republic of Korea
Interests: occupational safety and health; human factors and ergonomics; user-centered design; universal safety and design; safety and health management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to the increase in average life expectancy, the proportion of older workers is increasing. As the employment of the elderly increases, the physical and cognitive characteristics of workers and users have become increasingly diversified. As older workers' participation has increased, there have been increasing numbers of temporary and part-time workers. These workers are mainly engaged in high-risk tasks due to the risk of outsourcing, exposing them to more risks than regular workers. Therefore, policies and designs that can identify their characteristics and requirements are needed to eliminate discrimination and ensure safety. A designed policy should provide a certain level of health and safety for all workers regardless of their employment contract statuses. The design should ensure comfort and safety for long-term work for sustainability.

This Special Issue welcomes the submission of original work, reviews, and short communications including on the topics of an aged society and aging workforce, safety and health assurance and universal safety, older-worker-related safety and health policy, occupational injuries and illnesses of older workers in all industries, flexible working and sustainable work, error-proof design and worker-centered design, and reviews that cover all aspects of the aging society and older workers.

Prof. Dr. Byung Yong Jeong
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

aged society
older workers
occupational injuries and illnesses
flexible working
safety and health
universal safety and design
human-centered design
sustainable design

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Complaints, Mental Status and Quality of Life among the Aquaculture Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Region of Peninsular Malaysia

by Nur Syafiqah Mat Zain and Lai Kuan Lee

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 16371; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316371 - 06 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1773

Abstract

Aquaculture is seen as an essential food-producing sector for improving global food security and nutrition indices. This cross-sectional study examined the health complaints and mental health status of aquaculture workers, as well as their relationship with quality of life, with respect to the brackish water and freshwater aquaculture cultivation system in Penang, Malaysia. The workers’ health complaints were collected, and mental health status was evaluated as means of depression, anxiety, stress and self-esteem. Self-perceived quality of life was assessed using a structured questionnaire. This study involved the participation of 88 brackish water (84.6%) and 16 freshwater (15.4%) aquaculture workers. A total of 72.7% of the brackish water aquaculture workers were aged beyond 50 years old and had worked within five years (77.3%) in the aquaculture industry. Both brackish water and freshwater cultivation workers were confronted with fatigue, pain and insomnia. Up to 48%, 40.4%, 26% and 24% of them were facing depression, anxiety, stress and low self-esteem, respectively. A total of 3.4% of the brackish water aquaculture workers were having bad quality of life. The complaints of neck/shoulder/arm pain (F = 13.963; p < 0.001), back pain (F = 10.974; p < 0.01), hand/wrist pain (F = 8.041; p < 0.01), knee/hip pain (F = 12.910; p < 0.01) and insomnia (F = 10.936; p < 0.01) were correlated with bad quality of life among the workers. For mental health status, self-esteem (F = 4.157; p < 0.05) was found to be negatively correlated with quality of life scores. The results outlined the concerning level of health complaints and psychological distress among the aquaculture workers. The study emphasized the importance of developing an appropriate occupational health strategy in the aquaculture industry. Longitudinal investigations aimed to explore the effects of psychological distress on employment productivity among the high-risk workers are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aged Society, Occupational Safety and Health, and Work Sustainability)

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24 pages, 684 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilizing a Nordic Crosswalk for Occupational Coding in an Analysis on Occupation-Specific Prolonged Sickness Absence among 7 Million Employees in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden

by Svetlana Solovieva, Karina Undem, Daniel Falkstedt, Gun Johansson, Petter Kristensen, Jacob Pedersen, Eira Viikari-Juntura, Taina Leinonen and Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 15674; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315674 - 25 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1277

Abstract

We identified occupations with a high incidence of prolonged sickness absence (SA) in Nordic employees and explored similarities and differences between the countries. Utilizing data from national registers on 25–59-year-old wage-earners from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, we estimated the gender- and occupation-specific age-adjusted cumulative incidence of SA due to any cause, musculoskeletal diseases and mental disorders. To increase the comparability of occupations between the countries, we developed a Nordic crosswalk for occupational codes. We ranked occupational groups with the incidence of SA being statistically significantly higher than the population average of the country in question and calculated excess fractions with the employee population being the reference group. We observed considerable occupational differences in SA within and between the countries. Few occupational groups had a high incidence in all countries, particularly for mental disorders among men. In each country, manual occupations typically had a high incidence of SA due to any cause and musculoskeletal diseases, while service occupations had a high incidence due to mental disorders. Preventive measures targeted at specific occupational groups have a high potential to reduce work disability, especially due to musculoskeletal diseases. Particularly groups with excess SA in all Nordic countries could be at focus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aged Society, Occupational Safety and Health, and Work Sustainability)

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11 pages, 1151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“Without Them, I Would Never Have Been Able to Carry on” Levers for the Sustained Employment of Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Arthritis: A French Qualitative Study

by Chaima Louati, Yosra Mouelhi, Bernard Kabuth and Céline Clément

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14616; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114616 - 07 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1245

Abstract

Background. Chronic inflammatory arthritis (IA) is known to be involved in declining work outcomes and increased risk of experiencing unemployment. The aim of this study is to qualitatively identify the levers for the employment of patients with IA and AI-like conditions. Methods. To accomplish this task, a multi-centered, exploratory qualitative design involving one-on-one semi-directed interviews and a focus group was performed among 18 IA French patients to deepen our understanding of what enables patients to maintain employment despite the limiting, chronic, and expanding nature of their symptoms. Results. Analysis revealed five clusters of levers for the employment of chronic IA patients: The first cluster of levers was based on a set of verbatim records mentioning an overall improvement in the management of the disease. The second cluster of levers was based on a set of verbatim records mentioning the perceived added value of one’s occupation at a personal, familial, or societal scale. The third cluster of levers was based on a set of verbatim records mentioning the perceived interpersonal supportiveness of the professional sphere. The fourth cluster of levers was based on a set of verbatim records mentioning the micro-, meso-, and macro-characteristics of the working environment. The fifth cluster of levers was based on a set of verbatim records mentioning intrapersonal attributes. Conclusions. This study deepens and updates the current knowledge on what empowers patients dealing with chronic AI. These results provide valuable insights for stakeholders involved in designing or deploying employment initiatives for patients with AI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aged Society, Occupational Safety and Health, and Work Sustainability)

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14 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Work, Health and Job Performance for a Sustainable Working Life: A Case Study on Older Manual Employees in an Italian Steel Factory

by Federica Previtali, Eleonora Picco, Andrea Gragnano and Massimo Miglioretti

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14586; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114586 - 07 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2335

Abstract

Background: Supporting and retaining older workers has become a strategic management goal for companies, considering the ageing of the workforce and the prolongation of working lives. The relationship between health and work is especially crucial for older workers with manual tasks, considering the impact of long-standing health impairments in older age. Although different studies investigated the relationship between work ability and job performance, few studies have analysed the impact of workers’ capability to balance between health and work demands, including managerial and organisational support (work-health balance). Considering health as a dynamic balance between work and health demands influenced by both individual and environmental factors, we assess the mediator role of work-health balance in the relation between work ability and job performance, both self-reported and assessed by the supervisor. Methods: The study utilises data from a case study of 156 manual workers, who were 50 years old or older and employed in a steel company in Italy. Data were collected inside the company as an organiational initiative to support age diversity. Results: The findings show that work-health balance partially mediates the relationship between work ability and self-rated job performance, while it does not mediate the relationship with job performance as rated by the supervisor. Supervisor-rated job performance is positively associated with work ability, while it decreases with the increasing perceived incompatibility between work and health. Conclusion: A perceived balance between health and work is a strategic factor in increasing manual older workers’ job performance. For older workers, not only the perceived capability to work is important but also the organisational health climate and supervisor’s support. More studies are needed to verify if managers overlook the importance of health climate and support, as strategic elements that can foster performance for older employees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aged Society, Occupational Safety and Health, and Work Sustainability)

16 pages, 961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Nicolas Bovio, Michel Grzebyk, Patrick Arveux, Jean-Luc Bulliard, Arnaud Chiolero, Evelyne Fournier, Simon Germann, Isabelle Konzelmann, Manuela Maspoli, Elisabetta Rapiti and Irina Guseva Canu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 13856; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113856 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1346

Abstract

While previous Swiss studies have demonstrated differences in lung cancer mortality between occupational groups, no estimates are available on the association of occupation-related factors with lung cancer survival. This study aimed at determining whether occupation or work-related factors after diagnosis affect lung cancer survival. We used cancer registry records to identify lung cancer patients diagnosed between 1990 and 2014 in western Switzerland (n = 5773) matched with the Swiss National Cohort. The effect of occupation, the skill level required for the occupation, and the socio-professional category on 5-year lung cancer survival was assessed using non-parametric and parametric methods, controlling for histological type and tumour stage. We found that the net survival varied across skill levels and that the lowest skill level was associated with worse survival in both men and women. In the parametric models with minimal adjustment, we identified several occupational groups at higher risk of mortality compared to the reference category, particularly among men. After adjustment for histological type of lung cancer and tumour stage at diagnosis, most hazard ratios remained higher than 1, though non-statistically significant. Compared to top managers and self-employed workers, workers in paid employment without specific information on occupation were identified as the most at-risk socio-professional category in nearly all models. As this study was conducted using a relatively small sample and limited set of covariates, further studies are required, taking into account smoking habits and administrated cancer treatments. Information on return to work and working conditions before and after lung cancer diagnosis will also be highly valuable for analysing their effect on net lung cancer survival in large nationwide or international studies. Such studies are essential for informing health and social protection systems, which should guarantee appropriate work conditions for cancer survivors, beneficial for their quality of life and survival. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aged Society, Occupational Safety and Health, and Work Sustainability)

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12 pages, 574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Possible Association between Physical and Cognitive Function and Stumbling and Falling in Elderly Workers

by Kotaro Morita, Kazuhiro Nogawa, Yuuka Watanabe, Sayaka Sakuma, Koichi Sakata, Katsuyuki Ito, Chika Kumeda and Yasushi Suwazono

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 13826; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113826 - 24 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1218

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to examine the association between physical and cognitive function and stumbling and falling in elderly workers by conducting work-related questionnaire surveys and physical and cognitive function measurements. A total of 611 men and 121 women aged 40–69 years who participated in physical function measurements between June 2017 and June 2021 were included in the study. The general physical function measurements of upper and lower limb muscle strength, dynamic and static balance, and agility and cognitive function included grip strength, Repeated Rise Test, Trail Making test (TMT), and Three-Meter Time Up Go Test (TUG). We also asked the men and women about their experience of falling and stumbling. Logistic regression analysis showed significant odds ratios (OR) for the associations between stumbling in men and age (OR: 1.98), mental burden (OR: 2.44), frequency of field work (OR: 1.74), seated stepping test count (OR: 0.95), and TMTB time (OR: 0.99). Significant ORs were found between falling in men and age (OR: 2.55), mental burden (OR: 2.40), exercise habits (OR: 2.55), and smoking (OR: 2.00). Significant ORs were found between stumbling in women and d_TUG (OR: 1.59) and mental burden (OR: 6.42). The study suggests that there may be an association between cognitive and physical decline and stumbling and falling in elderly workers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aged Society, Occupational Safety and Health, and Work Sustainability)

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13 pages, 1263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subclinical Hearing Deficits in Noise-Exposed Firefighters

by Hillary A. Snapp, Natasha Schaefer Solle, Barbara Millet and Suhrud M. Rajguru

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 11028; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711028 - 03 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1815

Abstract

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the most prevalent occupational disease in the world and firefighters are at increased risk of NIHL due to their frequent exposure to hazardous levels of noise during service. Adverse effects of NIHL include acceleration of age-related hearing loss and an increased risk of cognitive decline. A critical challenge in addressing NIHL is the delayed clinical presentation of symptoms and lack of sensitive tools for early detection. To study the early clinical symptoms of NIHL in this high-risk group, we collected hearing function data including behavioral audiometric thresholds and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in 176 firefighters during annual physical assessments. Results revealed significant deficits in cochlear outer hair cell function in the presence of normal audiograms. Additionally, 55% of firefighters self-reported changes in hearing, while 20% self-reported concerns about their balance. This study is the first to characterize DPOAEs in firefighters who display decreased DPOAE amplitudes with increasing years in the fire service. These effects were observed even when controlling for hearing loss and age and are suggestive of a link between hearing loss and occupational exposure to hazardous noise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aged Society, Occupational Safety and Health, and Work Sustainability)

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16 pages, 1369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ICF-Based Job Performance Predictors for South Korean Industrial Accident Workers: Population-Based 3-Year Longitudinal Analysis

by Gayeong Eom, Seonjae Been and Haewon Byeon

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(13), 7822; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137822 - 25 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1401

Abstract

Since workers who have experienced industrial accidents may have a physical impairment, their workload is very likely to be less than before the industrial accident. This epidemiological study identified ICF-based predictive factors affecting the work performance of South Korean workers who were economically active after undergoing medical treatment (rehabilitation) related to injuries caused by industrial accidents by using the Panel Study of Worker’s Compensation Insurance (2018–2020) as a reference. We analyzed 1383 subjects who were engaged in economic activities. The explanatory variables included participation factors, activity factors, personal factors, physical function factors, and rehabilitation service factors. The outcome variables were defined by subjective evaluations of current job performance (0 and 10 points). This study analyzed the trajectory of change in work performance and change function predictors over time by using latent growth modeling (LGM). This study found mental activity, indoor activity, occupational activity, disability grade, socioeconomic status, the length of recuperation, self-esteem, and self-efficacy as significant predictors. The results of this study suggested that it would be necessary to prepare a systematic program that considers activity factors to support the independent daily life activities and social participation of workers injured by industrial accidents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aged Society, Occupational Safety and Health, and Work Sustainability)

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11 pages, 632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Older Female Farmers and Modeling of Occupational Hazards, Wellbeing, and Sleep-Related Problems on Musculoskeletal Pains

by Dong Seok Shin and Byung Yong Jeong

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(12), 7274; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127274 - 14 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1751

Abstract

Musculoskeletal pains seem to be the most prevalent among occupational diseases in older female farmers. This study analyzes the relationships between exposure to ergonomic or environmental hazards, sleep-related problems, wellbeing, and musculoskeletal pains in older female farmers. In this study, older farmer means a farmer aged ≥60, and 2005 older female farmers were selected. A structural equation model (SEM) was used to investigate the relationships. In the results of SEM, musculoskeletal pains were more affected by the level of wellbeing (standardized path coefficient = −0.149) than the level of sleep-related problems (standardized path coefficient = 0.131) or the exposure level of ergonomic hazards (standardized path coefficient = 0.086). Among the ergonomic risk factors felt by elderly female farmers, the influence level of “awkward posture” (0.735), “repetitive motion” (0.718), or “standing posture” (0.693) was greater than that of “manual material handling” (0.661). “Vibration” (0.786) and “noise” (0.683) were influential variables of environmental hazards. In addition, “upper limb pain” (0.796) and “lower limb pain” (0.751) variables were more influential variables of musculoskeletal pains than the “backache” (0.472) variable. This study shows that strategies to improve wellbeing or sleep problems are important to alleviate or prevent musculoskeletal pains among older female farmers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aged Society, Occupational Safety and Health, and Work Sustainability)

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15 pages, 695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Workability in the Ageing Workforce—A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

by Niels-Peter Brøchner Nygaard, Gert Frank Thomsen, Jesper Rasmussen, Lars Rauff Skadhauge and Bibi Gram

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(23), 12656; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312656 - 30 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2357

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of age, musculoskeletal pain and ergonomic exposure on workability in the oldest group of workers. Methods: The study was a population based cross-sectional survey. The study population comprised citizens born between 1952–1966, living in Esbjerg municipality ultimo 2016 (n = 23,463). A questionnaire was sent electronically or by mail. The analysis included the working population only. A stereotype logistic regression was used with the primary dependent variable being workability and independent variables included age, musculoskeletal pain, and ergonomic exposure. Results: The response rate was 58% and the data demonstrated a significant negative association between age and workability. With excellent workability as a reference, the odds for poor workability increased by 97% being 60+ y compared to 50–55 y. Both moderate intensity and severe musculoskeletal pain in the back, shoulder and knee/hip all showed significantly higher odds for poor workability. Ergonomic exposures, such as standing/walking, working with back bent or twisted and carrying or lifting had a significant negative impact on workability. Conclusion: Age, musculoskeletal pain and ergonomic exposures showed a significant negative impact on workability in the oldest group of workers and should be targeted with preventive initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aged Society, Occupational Safety and Health, and Work Sustainability)

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12 pages, 303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics and Circumstances Associated with Work-Related Suicides from the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2013–2017

by Corinne Peek-Asa, Ling Zhang, Cara Hamann, Jonathan Davis and Laura Schwab-Reese

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(18), 9538; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189538 - 10 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1947

Abstract

Workplaces are critical in suicide prevention because work-related factors can be associated with suicide, and because workplaces can be effective suicide prevention sites. Understanding the circumstances associated with work-related suicides can advance worksite prevention efforts. Data from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Violent Death Reporting System from 2013 to 2017 were used to examine characteristics and circumstances associated with work compared with non-work suicides. Work-related suicides included those indicated as work-related on the death certificate or in which the death investigation mentioned a work problem or work crisis. Of the 84,389 suicides, 12.1% had some relation to the decedent’s work. Males, those aged 21–54, and with at least a college education, were most likely to have work-related suicides. The circumstances most strongly associated with work-related suicide were financial problems (Odds Ratio (OR) = 4.7; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 4.5–5.0), prior depressed mood (OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 2.3–2.5), and eviction/loss of home (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.4–1.7). Suicides among healthcare practitioners and management occupations had the highest odds of being work-related. Workplace wellness programs can consider incorporating services, such as financial planning and mental health services, as potentially up-stream approaches to prevent work-related suicide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aged Society, Occupational Safety and Health, and Work Sustainability)

15 pages, 812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Job Security on Deviant Behaviors in Diverse Employment Workplaces: From the Social Identity Perspective

by Chuanyan Qin, Kunjin Wu, Xiaolang Liu, Shanshi Liu and Wenzhu Lu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(14), 7374; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147374 - 09 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2469

Abstract

Organizational scholars concur that job security can attach employees to a workplace and improve their job quality. The relationship between job security and employees’ deviant behaviors in the workplace, such as counterproductive work behavior (CWB), lacks insights into how or why this occurs, especially in a diversified employment context. To address these limitations, we developed a theoretical model of job security impact on employees’ CWB from the perspective of social identity. Analysis of employees (N = 208) and their supervisors in a China state-owned company were used to test the hypothesis. Results confirmed the negative relationship between job security and CWB; organizational identification partly mediates the relationship between job security and CWB. Moderated mediation analyses further indicate that the indirect effect of job security on CWB via organizational identification are stronger for temporary employees than for permanent employees. This article contributes to the understanding of job security’s impact on employees’ deviant behavior, practical implications and research aspects are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aged Society, Occupational Safety and Health, and Work Sustainability)

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Review

Jump to: Research

30 pages, 846 KiB

Open AccessReview

Is It Time to Re-Shift the Research Agenda? A Scoping Review of Participation Rates in Workplace Health Promotion Programs

by Katarina Bensa and Klemen Širok

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(3), 2757; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032757 - 03 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1814

Abstract

Workplace health promotion programmes (WHPPs) are among the most important measures to improve the health and motivation of the ageing workforce. However, they are accompanied with certain challenges, such as low participation rates and higher participation levels of the more health-conscious workers, often failing to engage those who need such interventions the most. Following the PRISMA guidelines, this scoping review examined participation rates reported in articles on WHPPs to identify potential knowledge gaps. The results are worrying: participation rates are not only infrequently reported, but also low. Of the 58 articles, 37 report participation rates, with the majority (20) reporting an average participation rate of less than 50%. Reported participation rates refer either to different target groups, the type of intervention, or to single points in time, which makes it difficult to establish consistent criteria for comparison. We argue that despite the importance of WHPP efficacy, research focus should shift to the determinants of participation, as well as the issue of standardising the reporting of participation rates, alongside the potential problem of reporting bias. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aged Society, Occupational Safety and Health, and Work Sustainability)

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