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Maillard Reaction: From Protein Modification to Food Application and Nutrition

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Physics and (Bio)Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2025) | Viewed by 2626

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, Km 5.5 Carretera, Sierra Papacal-Chuburna, Chuburna, Merida 97302, Yucatan, Mexico
Interests: design of vehicles for targeted delivery of bioactive compounds into the gastrointestinal tract; Maillard reaction; biopolymer characterization; bioactive compounds; carbohydrate–protein interactions; emerging technologies in food and biopolymer processing; circular economy; alternative proteins; gut–brain axis
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Guest Editor
Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. CIATEJ, Unidad Zapopan, Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío, Zapopan 45019, JAL, Mexico
Interests: bioactive peptides; polyphenols, alternative proteins, novel food ingredients; milpa system crops
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Guest Editor
Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Guadalajara, Mexico
Interests: food digestion; food science; bioactive compounds; inflammation; colon cancer; obesity; nutrition; nutrigenomics; biochemistry; food technology; phenolic compounds; dietary fiber; short-chain fatty acids; gut microbiota
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Maillard reaction (MR) is a complex non-enzymatic browning process involving amino compounds and reducing sugars, serving as a central concept in food science and processing. The MR is closely associated with developing desirable sensory characteristics such as color, aroma, and flavor in heat-treated food products. However, the MR also serves as a powerful tool for protein structure modification, particularly through glycosylation or the formation of protein–polysaccharide conjugates. These modifications are increasingly used to improve techno-functional properties such as solubility and thermal heat resistance, leading to the creation of novel functional ingredients. Furthermore, these modified macromolecules have shown great promise in advanced applications, serving as carriers and stabilizers for bioactive compounds and sensitive lipids. However, the impact of MR is complex. While the intermediate products of the reaction, known as Maillard reaction products (MRPs), can offer benefits such as antioxidant capacity and significant biological effects, the MR can also decrease the nutritional value of food by causing the loss of essential amino acids and generating unwanted breakdown products such as advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and, in extreme cases, acrylamides.

In this Special Issue, "Maillard Reaction: From Protein Modification to Food Application and Nutrition", we welcome the submission of original research articles and reviews. We invite contributions that address a wide range of MR aspects. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) reaction mechanisms, novel protein modification strategies for the formulation of new functional ingredients, innovative applications for the development of functional foods, and vehicles for the delivery of bioactive compounds. Additionally, we welcome discussions on control methodologies, the implications of advanced MR products, and biosafety assurance in thermally processed foods.

Dr. Angel H. Cabrera-Ramírez
Dr. Luis Mojica
Dr. Ivan Luzardo-Ocampo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Foods is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Maillard reaction (MR)
  • protein modification
  • functional ingredients
  • functional foods
  • bioactive compounds
  • food application and nutrition

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 1488 KB  
Article
Ozonized Water-Mediated Maillard Reaction of Fructose-Glycine: Characterization and Antioxidant Properties
by Worawan Panpipat, Natthawadee Khaochamnan, Sutasinee Thongkhaow, Visaka Anantawat, Nisa Saelee, Roberto Castro-Muñoz and Manat Chaijan
Foods 2026, 15(2), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15020303 - 14 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 604
Abstract
This study investigates the use of ozonized water as a novel reaction medium for generating Maillard reaction products (MRPs) from fructose and glycine, comparing their physicochemical properties and antioxidant performance with those produced in phosphate buffer. Heating in ozonized water delayed early Maillard [...] Read more.
This study investigates the use of ozonized water as a novel reaction medium for generating Maillard reaction products (MRPs) from fructose and glycine, comparing their physicochemical properties and antioxidant performance with those produced in phosphate buffer. Heating in ozonized water delayed early Maillard stages, as indicated by slower browning, lower A294 and A420 absorbance, and higher L* values. However, prolonged heating led to intensified reddish-brown coloration and elevated intermediate formation, suggesting ozone-modified reaction pathways. pH declined more sharply in the ozone system, while conductivity increased significantly after 60 min, reflecting accelerated late-stage reactions. Antioxidant activity, assessed via DPPH and ABTS assays, developed more slowly in the ozone system but reached comparable levels to the buffer after 120 min. In emulsion models, MRPs from either system alone exhibited pro-oxidant effects, while blends, especially those produced using ozonized water and buffer at ratios of 75:25 and 50:50, significantly enhanced oxidative stability. Zeta-potential analysis showed that emulsions containing MRP blends had less negative initial charges but exhibited greater stability over 3 days compared to those with individual treatments. These findings highlight the potential of ozonized water to modulate Maillard reaction kinetics and suggest that blending MRPs from different reaction media can enhance antioxidant functionality and emulsion stability in complex food systems. Full article
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Review

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24 pages, 1476 KB  
Review
Antioxidant Activity of Maillard Reaction Products in Dairy Products: Formation, Influencing Factors, and Applications
by Hong Lan, Jinjing Xu, Xiaolong Lu, Xinyue Hu, Liteng Peng, Qingyou Liu, Fei Ye and Hao Qi
Foods 2026, 15(2), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15020351 - 18 Jan 2026
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1057
Abstract
Dairy products contain complex types and contents of proteins, lipids, and lactose. The Maillard reaction (MR) occurs between proteins and reducing sugars during the processing and storage of dairy products. Maillard reaction products (MRPs) have garnered attention for their potential antioxidant activity. MRPs [...] Read more.
Dairy products contain complex types and contents of proteins, lipids, and lactose. The Maillard reaction (MR) occurs between proteins and reducing sugars during the processing and storage of dairy products. Maillard reaction products (MRPs) have garnered attention for their potential antioxidant activity. MRPs include melanoidins, reductones, and volatile heterocyclic compounds, which affect flavor and color. Relevant literature was identified through a structured search of PubMed and Web of Science; studies were included if they investigated MRPs in dairy products and reported antioxidant-related outcomes. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the MR in dairy products, systematically investigating the influence of protein, reducing sugars, and their ratios, as well as reaction conditions (process technology, temperature, time, pH, and water activity) on the formation and antioxidant activity of MRPs. The review also covers current applications and the future potential of MRPs as natural antioxidants in dairy products. Although MRPs effectively delay lipid oxidation and enhance stability in dairy products, research on their molecular structure and antioxidant mechanisms remains insufficient. Future research should focus on understanding the multifactorial synergistic effects within the complex dairy matrix, elucidating the molecular structure and extraction of antioxidant substances, and developing regulatory techniques to balance the antioxidant properties of MRPs with the safety concerns of potential harmful byproducts. Full article
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