Recent Advances in Assessing the Quality and Authenticity of Honey and Bee Products

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Quality and Safety".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2025) | Viewed by 1043

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Landscape and Environment, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos PC, 71410 Chania, Greece
2. Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, University Research Centre, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos PC, 71410 Crete, Greece
Interests: food quality; food safety; food chemistry; volatile compounds; honey; honeybee products; apiculture
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Guest Editor
1. Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
2. School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
Interests: honey; propolis; chemical identification; chemical analysis; bioactive molecules; extraction techniques

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The honeybee is probably the most valuable living organism to mankind, mainly as its pollination services are critical to food production and maintaining floral biodiversity. In addition, they provide us with bee products, an outstanding source of natural nutrients. A plethora of research publications have highlighted—and continue to highlight—the numerous beneficial effects of bee products for human health, thus driving the demand for quality products. Very recently, the EU-wide coordinated action “From the Hives” on honey contaminated with sugars proved 46% samples to be suspicious of adulteration, underlying the demand for more efficient authenticity testing and leading to changes in the EU Directive for honey. This Special Issue will contribute to this effort by presenting recent advances in research on the quality and authenticity of honey and bee products. Important matters of concern include honey adulteration with sugars and how to detect it, composition parameters related to honey thermal damage or prolonged storage, and the botanical and geographical origin of bee products.

Dr. Eleftherios Alissandrakis
Dr. Trong D. Tran
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • honey adulteration
  • mislabeling
  • geographical origin
  • botanical origin
  • quality parameters
  • hydroxymethylfurfural

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 780 KB  
Article
Preliminary Characterization of Bulgarian Forest Honeys: Oak Honeydew and Coniferous Varieties
by Elisaveta Mladenova, Ralitsa Balkanska and Rositsa Shumkova
Foods 2025, 14(24), 4298; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14244298 - 14 Dec 2025
Abstract
The objective of this work was to determine and compare a comprehensive set of quality markers, including main physicochemical properties and element profiles, in samples of Bulgarian oak honeydew honey (OHH) and coniferous honeydew honey (CHH). This investigation utilized a total of seventeen [...] Read more.
The objective of this work was to determine and compare a comprehensive set of quality markers, including main physicochemical properties and element profiles, in samples of Bulgarian oak honeydew honey (OHH) and coniferous honeydew honey (CHH). This investigation utilized a total of seventeen honey samples from Bulgaria harvested in 2022. The sample set comprised ten oak honeydew honey samples, sourced from the Burgas region, and seven coniferous honeydew honey samples obtained from the Smolyan region. The parameters of OHH samples varied within the following ranges: color (80–134 mm Pfund), water content (15.20–18.40%), electrical conductivity (0.80–1.33 mS/cm), specific optical rotation (2.25–12.50 [α]D20), pH (3.92–4.50), total acidity (29.80–36.80 meq/kg), diastase activity (18.36–27.58 Gothe units), invertase activity (56–196 U/kg), proline content (155–477 mg/kg), and hydroxymethylfurfural (3.28–8.94 mg/kg). The CHH samples gave the following results: color (40–87 mm Pfund), water content (16.40–19.00%), electrical conductivity (0.80–1.26 mS/cm), specific optical rotation (−17.50–(−11.50 [α]D20)), pH (3.40–3.75), total acidity (25.80–39.40 meq/kg), diastase activity (23.15–26.05 Gothe units), invertase activity (69–138 U/kg), proline content (287–651 mg/kg), and hydroxymethylfurfural (1.50–3.96 mg/kg). The elements Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Mn were determined by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (FAAS), while Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry (FAES) was used for K and Na determination. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis was used to assess six elements (Al, Ba, Co, P, Sr, Zn). The elements Cd, Ni, and Pb were determined by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETAAS). Potassium is the most abundant macro element in all investigated samples ranging 2332–2370 µg/g in CHH and 1846–1878 µg/g in OHH. Other examined elements are in the following descending order, Mg > P > Na > Ca > Mn > Al > Fe > Zn > Cu > Ba > Sr, presenting in µg/g levels, while Pb > Ni > Co > Cd are present in µg/kg levels. This work constitutes the first report on the physicochemical parameters and chemical elements of coniferous honeydew honey from Bulgaria. Full article
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20 pages, 2021 KB  
Article
The Development and Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Glyphosate, AMPA, and Glufosinate in Honey Following FMOC-Cl Derivatization: Application to Italian Samples
by Marianna Martinello, Sara Zanella, Franco Mutinelli and Michela Bertola
Foods 2025, 14(23), 4050; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14234050 - 26 Nov 2025
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Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides are among the most widely used pesticides worldwide, but data on their occurrence in food products, particularly honey, remain limited. The analytical determination of glyphosate, its primary metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and glufosinate ammonium is technically challenging due to their high [...] Read more.
Glyphosate-based herbicides are among the most widely used pesticides worldwide, but data on their occurrence in food products, particularly honey, remain limited. The analytical determination of glyphosate, its primary metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and glufosinate ammonium is technically challenging due to their high polarity and distinctive physicochemical properties, requiring the development of dedicated single-residue analytic methods. In this study, honey samples were prepared by derivatizing the target analytes with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl), followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using hydrophilic–lipophilic balanced (HLB) cartridges to improve matrix clean-up and enhance analytical sensitivity. Quantification was performed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The optimized method was validated according to the SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines, with all parameters, including sensitivity, linearity, mean recovery (accuracy), precision (RSDr), and limit of quantification (LOQ), meeting the required performance criteria. The validated method was applied to 126 honey samples of various botanical origins, representative of Italian production. The results indicated a frequent detection of glyphosate residues, although concentrations were generally low and remain below levels of regulatory concern. Full article
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Review

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24 pages, 1671 KB  
Review
Authentication of Propolis: Integrating Chemical Profiling, Data Analysis and International Standardization—A Review
by Kristian Pastor, Slobodan Dolašević and Nataša Nastić
Foods 2025, 14(24), 4259; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14244259 - 10 Dec 2025
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Abstract
Propolis is an apicultural product known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its composition varies with botanical sources, geography, season and bee species, complicating quality control and creating opportunities for adulteration, such as the addition of poplar bud extracts or non-propolis [...] Read more.
Propolis is an apicultural product known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its composition varies with botanical sources, geography, season and bee species, complicating quality control and creating opportunities for adulteration, such as the addition of poplar bud extracts or non-propolis resins. This review synthesizes the latest primary studies and reviews addressing chemical markers identified through analytical platforms, such as TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, LC-MS, GC-MS, NMR, FTIR and ICP, often integrated with chemometrics and machine learning for authentication and standardization. Marker panels are linked to regional chemotypes, including poplar-type, Brazilian green, red and brown, Cuban variants, and stingless bee propolis. Fraud detection strategies using marker-based screening and spectral pattern recognition are also summarized. Multi-marker and chemometric approaches consistently differentiate botanical types, origins and commercial extracts. Common marker families include flavonoids (pinocembrin, chrysin, galangin), phenolic esters (CAPE, benzyl/allyl caffeates), prenylated cinnamates like artepillin C, lignans, and volatile terpenoids or benzenoids. Rapid screening by ATR-FTIR and NMR is often complemented with LC-MS for confirmatory quantitation. Propolis quality control is moving toward harmonized workflows combining FTIR/NMR/HPTLC screening with LC-MS verification and optional elemental or volatile profiling, paving the way for shared marker sets and international standards similar to those for honey. Full article
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