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Advances in Industrial Fire and Urban Fire Research: 2nd Edition
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Advances in Industrial Fire and Urban Fire Research: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Fire (ISSN 2571-6255). This special issue belongs to the section "Fire Risk Assessment and Safety Management in Buildings and Urban Spaces".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2025 | Viewed by 3407

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jinlong Zhao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
Interests: pool fire; spill fire; storage tank fires; fire extinguishment; fire risk assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yongzheng Yao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
Interests: tunnel fire; pool fire; fuel-rich combustion; smoke movement; smoke control; lithium battery fire; safe utilization of hydrogen
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Zihe Gao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
Interests: fire risk assessment; underground fire
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Qiang Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Automobile and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
Interests: jet flame; flame instability; flame spread over solid fuel; blow out; lift off
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the rapid pace of urbanisation, the development of cities and industrial parks has accelerated, bringing both greater convenience to people's lives and an increased risk of fire incidents. The consequences of a fire accident can be severe, including human casualties, property damage and environmental pollution. Fires in industrial estates often involve the combustion of flammable materials, including hazardous substances, fuels and chemicals. In addition, the presence of sophisticated machinery and advanced production systems in these parks may increase the risk and severity of industrial fires. Urban fires, on the other hand, occur predominantly in densely populated areas characterised by high-rise buildings, congested regions and interconnected structures. These characteristics pose significant challenges in terms of fire prevention, evacuation and firefighting. Therefore, relevant research in these areas is essential.

This special issue aims to highlight original findings related to industrial and urban fire using experimental and simulation methods. In addition, potential perspectives for future investigations are also encouraged. This special issue welcomes original research papers, case studies and review papers on a wide range of topics related to industrial and urban fires, and the areas of interest include, but are not limited to:

  1. Fire behaviour and dynamics;
  2. Fire suppression and control techniques;
  3. Fire risk assessment and management;
  4. Personnel evacuation and human behaviours;
  5. Prevention and control strategies for industrial and urban fires;
  6. Combining urban and industrial fires with AI technology.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

This special issue is the second edition of "Advances in Industrial Fire and Urban Fire Research" https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fire/special_issues/426255FJR2.

Dr. Jinlong Zhao
Dr. Yongzheng Yao
Prof. Dr. Zihe Gao
Dr. Qiang Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fire is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • industrial fire
  • urban fire
  • fire risk assessment
  • personnel evacuation
  • industrial and urban fire dynamic
  • numerical simulation
  • AI technology
 

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

29 pages, 2096 KiB  
Article
Dual-GRU Perception Accumulation Model for Linear Beam Smoke Detector
by Zhuofu Wang, Boning Li, Li Wang, Zhen Cao and Xi Zhang
Fire 2025, 8(6), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8060229 - 11 Jun 2025
Abstract
Due to the complex structure of high-rise space buildings, traditional point fire detectors are not effective in terms of detection range and installation difficulty. Although linear beam smoke detectors are widely adopted, they still face problems such as low accuracy and false alarms [...] Read more.
Due to the complex structure of high-rise space buildings, traditional point fire detectors are not effective in terms of detection range and installation difficulty. Although linear beam smoke detectors are widely adopted, they still face problems such as low accuracy and false alarms caused by interference. To address these limitations, we constructed a 120 m experimental platform for analyzing smoke–light interactions. Through systematic investigation of spectral scattering phenomena, optimal operational wavelengths were identified for beam-type detection. By improving the gated recurrent unit (GRU) neural network, an algorithm combining dual-wavelength information fusion and an attention mechanism was designed. The algorithm integrates dual-wavelength information and introduces the cross-attention mechanism into the GRU network to achieve collaborative modeling of microscale scattering characteristics and macroscale concentration changes of smoke particles. The alarm strategy based on time series accumulation effectively reduces false alarms caused by instantaneous interference. The experiment shows that our method is significantly better than traditional algorithms in terms of accuracy (96.8%), false positive rate (2.1%), and response time (6.7 s). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Industrial Fire and Urban Fire Research: 2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 1710 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of Ventilation Effects on Combustion Efficiency and Heat Release Rate in Small-Scale Compartment Fires
by Weiheng Li, Yong Sheng, Qishuo Liao, Qi Yu, Zhiqiang Xiao, Guo Chen, Hao Wang and Peng Lin
Fire 2025, 8(6), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8060215 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 257
Abstract
A series of fire experiments were conducted in a 0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m room, and a single door-like opening was adopted. The height of the openings was 20 cm, and the width of the openings varied from 10 cm [...] Read more.
A series of fire experiments were conducted in a 0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m room, and a single door-like opening was adopted. The height of the openings was 20 cm, and the width of the openings varied from 10 cm to 30 cm, with ventilation factors ranging from 0.0089 m5/2 to 0.0268 m5/2. The ventilation constant and combustion efficiency were studied and compared with those of other researchers. It was found that the so-called ventilation constant can hardly be a constant, and it varied greatly, around 0.357–0.436, at different ventilation conditions. The overall combustion efficiency varied greatly at different opening sizes and flow rates, and it was as low as 0.5, even when the flame was ejected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Industrial Fire and Urban Fire Research: 2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 2105 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus: An Observational Study on Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Associated Respiratory Risks
by Joana Teixeira, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Alice Santos-Silva, Francisca Rodrigues and Marta Oliveira
Fire 2025, 8(5), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8050182 - 2 May 2025
Viewed by 341
Abstract
Background: An effective risk assessment and management methodology is essential to minimize/mitigate health risks associated with firefighting activities. The use of a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is mandatory during structure fires to protect firefighters from hazardous fire effluents, yet the protectiveness of the [...] Read more.
Background: An effective risk assessment and management methodology is essential to minimize/mitigate health risks associated with firefighting activities. The use of a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is mandatory during structure fires to protect firefighters from hazardous fire effluents, yet the protectiveness of the SCBA system has rarely been evaluated. Objective: This study characterizes, for the first time, the levels of 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) inside the SCBA facemask, during 7 structure-firefighting exercises and estimates associated respiratory risks. Methods: Cotton disk samples were collected via passive air sampling and analyzed using liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV–Vis detection. Results: Levels of total PAHs (∑PAHs: 9.17–29.6 ng/m3) and ∑PAHscarcinogenic (0.41–5.73 ng/m3) were below the occupational limits defined by governmental agencies. The low-molecular-weight PAHs were predominant (79.5–91.4%), and the (possible/known) carcinogenic naphthalene (0.26–2.00 ng/m3), anthracene (0.088–0.31 ng/m3), chrysene (0.046–0.39 ng/m3), benzo(b+j)fluoranthene (0.18–0.40 ng/m3), and benzo(a)pyrene (0.041–0.18 ng/m3) were detected in all samples. The respiratory health risk analysis demonstrated negligible risks associated with the inhalation of PAHs. A health principal component analysis could identify firefighters at increased respiratory risk. Conclusions: The effectiveness of SCBA was demonstrated, reinforcing the need to ensure its correct use during all the phases of structure fires, including during overhaul. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Industrial Fire and Urban Fire Research: 2nd Edition)
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28 pages, 1840 KiB  
Article
Research on Safety Risk Assessment Grading by Combining AHP-FCE and Risk Matrix Method-Taking Emergency Industrial Park of Fangshan District in Beijing as an Example
by Zhuo Chen, Aolan Pan, Luyao Tan and Qiuju Ma
Fire 2025, 8(5), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8050169 - 25 Apr 2025
Viewed by 363
Abstract
As an emerging development field, in recent years, emergency industrial parks in China have faced increasingly complex and high-risk challenges. This article proposes the establishment of a scientific safety risk assessment and grading model to help improve the safety management level of emergency [...] Read more.
As an emerging development field, in recent years, emergency industrial parks in China have faced increasingly complex and high-risk challenges. This article proposes the establishment of a scientific safety risk assessment and grading model to help improve the safety management level of emergency industrial parks, in response to the problems of the multi-source heterogeneity of fire risks in emergency industrial parks and the difficulty of comprehensive assessment using traditional methods. This approach combines enterprise type classification with multi-level assessment for the first time, effectively identifying high-risk links such as fires and explosions and playing an effective role in preventing accidents such as fires in the park. Enterprises within the park are categorized into seven distinct groups based on their characteristics and associated safety risks: medical and healthcare, new energy storage, composite materials and new materials, intelligent manufacturing, mechanical manufacturing, consulting and technical services, and construction and installation. The following models are constructed: (1) a risk assessment model based on AHP-FCE, which can assess the safety risk levels of individual enterprises and the industrial park at a macro level; (2) a risk grading model based on the risk matrix method, which can inspect and control specific risk sources at a micro level. The integration of these two methods establishes a comprehensive model for safety risk assessment and grading in emergency industrial parks, significantly improving both the accuracy and the systematic nature of risk management processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Industrial Fire and Urban Fire Research: 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 5664 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study on the Effect of Tunnel Slope on Smoke Exhaust Performance in Metro Tunnels
by Yuxuan Yang and Qianbo Zhang
Fire 2025, 8(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8010028 - 15 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 889
Abstract
Utilizing the intermediate air shaft for smoke exhaust is one of the crucial emergency ventilation methods in metro tunnel fires. To study the impact of metro tunnel slope on smoke exhaust performance of intermediate air shaft, this paper employs numerical simulation to conduct [...] Read more.
Utilizing the intermediate air shaft for smoke exhaust is one of the crucial emergency ventilation methods in metro tunnel fires. To study the impact of metro tunnel slope on smoke exhaust performance of intermediate air shaft, this paper employs numerical simulation to conduct research from the following aspects: the longitudinal distribution of ceiling smoke temperature, visibility distribution, smoke layer height, and the smoke exhaust efficiency of intermediate air shaft. The results demonstrate that as the tunnel slope increases, the maximum ceiling temperature decreases, and the visibility at dangerous height increases. The smoke layer height on the downhill side of a sloped tunnel is higher than that of a horizontal tunnel, while the smoke layer height on the uphill side is lower. Under single-side smoke exhaust mode, the smoke exhaust efficiency of the 2# intermediate air shaft rises as the tunnel slope increases. However, under air supply plus smoke exhaust mode, the smoke exhaust efficiency of the 2# intermediate air shaft decreases with the growing tunnel slope. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Industrial Fire and Urban Fire Research: 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 7348 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Urban Fire Emergency Resource Allocation Based on Pre-Allocated Swarm Algorithm
by Xiaolei Zhang, Kaigong Zhao, Shang Gao and Changming Li
Fire 2025, 8(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8010027 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1036
Abstract
As a high-frequency disaster with potentially devastating consequences, urban fires not only threaten the lives of city residents but can also lead to severe property losses, especially for hazardous chemical leaking scenarios. Quick and scientific decision-making regarding resource allocation during urban fire emergency [...] Read more.
As a high-frequency disaster with potentially devastating consequences, urban fires not only threaten the lives of city residents but can also lead to severe property losses, especially for hazardous chemical leaking scenarios. Quick and scientific decision-making regarding resource allocation during urban fire emergency responses is crucial for reducing disaster damages. Based on several key factors such as the number of trapped individuals and hazardous chemical leaks during the early stages of an incident, an emergency weight system for resource allocation is proposed to effectively address complex situations. In addition, a multi-objective optimization model is built to achieve the shortest response time for emergency rescue teams and the lowest cost for material transportation. Additionally, a pre-allocated bee swarm algorithm is introduced to mitigate the issue of local incident points being unable to participate in rescue due to low weights, and a comparison of traditional genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization algorithms is conducted. Experiments conducted in a virtual urban fire scenario validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results demonstrate that the proposed model can effectively achieve the dual goals of minimizing transportation time and costs. Furthermore, the bee swarm algorithm exhibits advantages in convergence speed, allowing for the faster identification of ideal solutions, thereby providing a scientific basis for the rapid allocation of resources in urban fire emergency rescues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Industrial Fire and Urban Fire Research: 2nd Edition)
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