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Fire
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State of the Art in Combustion and Flames
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State of the Art in Combustion and Flames

A special issue of Fire (ISSN 2571-6255).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 August 2025 | Viewed by 7683

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ruichao Wei

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Guest Editor
School of Automobile and Transportation, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
Interests: electric vehicle fire prevention; energetic materials and fire safety; fire safety engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Shengfeng Luo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Engineering, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
Interests: algorithm analysis; CFD simulation; flame synthesis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xuehui Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
Interests: dynamic evolution of pool fire; fire numerical simulation; fire investigation technique
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The state of the art in the study of combustion and flame has been gradually applied to smart firefighting, which can play an important role in solving the frequent occurrence of fire accidents. Big data, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and other new technologies are gradually being applied in the field of firefighting. These technologies allow firefighting work to achieve real-time monitoring, early warnings, and timely suppression. This Special Issue aims to discuss and solve challenges in firefighting through the application of the latest technology. The scope of this Special Issue includes, but is not limited to, the following: big data application; IOT technology; early warning technology; sensor layout and design; simulations for firefighting; and the latest firefighting technology for new energy as well as regulatory and policy issues. Our goal is to advance our understanding of the fundamental principles of and practical solutions for smart firefighting. We invite submissions from researchers and experts in the field to contribute to this Special Issue, which will provide valuable insights into this critical area of research.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Ruichao Wei
Dr. Shengfeng Luo
Dr. Xuehui Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fire is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • big data
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Internet of Things
  • smart firefighting
  • real-time monitoring
  • early warning
  • new energy
  • simulation

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

33 pages, 13399 KiB  
Article
Development and Testing of a Fast-Acting, 8-Bit, Digital Throttle for Hybrid Rocket Motors
by Stephen A. Whitmore
Fire 2024, 7(11), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7110393 - 30 Oct 2024
Viewed by 602
Abstract
The potential for throttle control of hybrid rocket systems has long been known as a potential advantage for a variety of applications. Because only a single flow path is controlled, theoretically, hybrids should be significantly easier to throttle than bipropellant systems. Unfortunately, the [...] Read more.
The potential for throttle control of hybrid rocket systems has long been known as a potential advantage for a variety of applications. Because only a single flow path is controlled, theoretically, hybrids should be significantly easier to throttle than bipropellant systems. Unfortunately, the slow response times and nonlinearity of traditional position-control valves have limited practical applications of hybrid throttling. This paper presents an alternative throttling system where the oxidizer flow path is broken into multiple streams, with each flow path controlled by a solenoid-operated on/off valve. The parallel paths allow significantly faster and more precise control than can be achieved using a single position-control valve. The achievable thrust levels are limited only by the size and number of components in the valve cascade. The 8-bit digital throttle system, developed by Utah State University’s Propulsion Research Lab, uses commercial, off-the-shelf components. The throttle system was tested using a 200-N hybrid rocket motor, burning gaseous oxygen, and ABS plastic as propellants. The testing campaign of more than 50 hot fires has demonstrated multiple profiles, including deep throttle ramps, multistep boxcars, and sine waves at frequencies varying from 0.25 to 1-Hz. Comparisons to analytical models are also presented, showing good agreement. Fourier-transform spectra demonstrating the total-system, frequency response are also presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Combustion and Flames)
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19 pages, 7193 KiB  
Article
Ignition Locations and Simplified Design Guidelines for Enhancing the Resilience of Dwellings against Wildland Fires
by Mário Rui Tiago Arruda, António Renato A. Bicelli and Fernando Branco
Fire 2024, 7(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7020040 - 28 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2007
Abstract
This paper presents a study based on new fireproof design guidelines for dwellings against the impact of wildfires. The main objective is to present the results from the surveys of the large wildfires of 2017 in Portugal, identifying vulnerabilities in dwellings that may [...] Read more.
This paper presents a study based on new fireproof design guidelines for dwellings against the impact of wildfires. The main objective is to present the results from the surveys of the large wildfires of 2017 in Portugal, identifying vulnerabilities in dwellings that may result in spot ignitions when exposed to wildfires. Utilizing the information gathered from these surveys, it is possible to recommend fire resistance and reaction class requirements using European indoor fire standards and adapting them to suit wildfire conditions. The study focuses on classical dwellings predominantly located in high-risk fire zones within the wildland–urban interface. These assessments have the potential to generate new fireproof construction recommendations employing traditional materials commonly found in the European construction industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Combustion and Flames)
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17 pages, 10139 KiB  
Article
Advanced Numerical Analysis of In-Cylinder Combustion and NOx Formation Using Different Chamber Geometries
by Arun Teja Doppalapudi and Abul Kalam Azad
Fire 2024, 7(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7020035 - 24 Jan 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2139
Abstract
In diesel engines, emission formation inside the combustion chamber is a complex phenomenon. The combustion events inside the chamber occur in microseconds, affecting the overall engine performance and emissions characteristics. This study opted for using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate the combustion [...] Read more.
In diesel engines, emission formation inside the combustion chamber is a complex phenomenon. The combustion events inside the chamber occur in microseconds, affecting the overall engine performance and emissions characteristics. This study opted for using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate the combustion patterns and how these events affect nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. In this study, a diesel engine model with a flat combustion chamber (FCC) was developed for the simulation. The simulation result of the heat release rate (HRR) and cylinder pressure was validated with the experimental test data (the engine test was conducted at 1500 rpm at full load conditions). The validated model and its respective boundary conditions were used to investigate the effect of modified combustion chamber profiles on NOx emissions. Modified chambers, such as a bathtub combustion chamber (BTCC) and a shallow depth chamber (SCC), were developed, and their combustion events were analysed with respect to the FCC. This study revealed that combustion events such as fuel distribution, unburnt mass fractions, temperature and turbulent zones directly impact NOx emissions. The modified chambers controlled the spread of combustion and provided better fuel distribution, improving engine performance and combustion rates. The SCC (63.2 bar) showed peak pressure rates compared to the FCC (63.02 bar) and BTCC (62.72 bar). This study concluded that the SCC showed better results than other chambers. This study further recommends conducting lean fuel mixture combustion with chamber modifications and optimising fuel spray, such as by adjusting the fuel injection profile, spray angle and injection timing, which has a better tendency to create complete combustion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Combustion and Flames)
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18 pages, 8681 KiB  
Article
Development and Application of an Intelligent Approach to Reconstruct the Location of Fire Sources from Soot Patterns Deposited on Walls
by Meng Shi, Hanbo Li, Zhichao Zhang and Eric Wai Ming Lee
Fire 2023, 6(8), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6080303 - 5 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1820
Abstract
This study developed an objective approach for determining fire source location based on an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The samples for the ANN model were obtained from computational fluid dynamics simulations. A data preprocessor was devised to transform numerical simulation results into [...] Read more.
This study developed an objective approach for determining fire source location based on an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The samples for the ANN model were obtained from computational fluid dynamics simulations. A data preprocessor was devised to transform numerical simulation results into a format that could be used by the ANN model prior to network training, and bootstrap aggregation was used to improve the model’s predictive performance, which was evaluated by the leave-one-out approach. The results show that the 95% left-tailed confidence limit was 0.7921 m for planar dimensions of 5 m × 5 m, which is sufficiently accurate for practical application. Additionally, comprehensive experiments were conducted in the confined space of a fire compartment that was geometrically similar to various fire source locations to explore soot patterns and verify the ANN model. The experimental results reveal that the differences between the locations determined in scaling experiments and the locations predicted by the ANN were invariably less than 1 m. In particular, the difference was only 0.17 m when the fire source was located in the centre of the fire compartment. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the devised ANN model for reconstructing fire source location in engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Combustion and Flames)
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