Brewing & Distilling

A special issue of Fermentation (ISSN 2311-5637). This special issue belongs to the section "Fermentation for Food and Beverages".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2018) | Viewed by 131695

Special Issue Editor

Department of Food Science, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
Interests: yeast; brewing; distilling; food safety; metabolism; simultaneous saccharification; fermentation; solid state fermentation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Both beer and distilled beverages are characterised by the presence of alcohol, which is always derived by means of fermentation. In order to produce the vast variety of quality beers and distilled beverages, a very large array of fermentative organisms is utilised, either as pure cultures or mixed cultures. On the one hand the fermentation can be managed through careful selection of suitable strains, while on the other hand the fermentation can be managed through providing the most suitable conditions under which the fermentation can be carried out.

This Special Issue of Fermentation aims to disseminate recent innovative research regarding all aspects of fermentation as it applies to the brewing and distilling industries, as well as authoritative reviews that compile information from previously published material. Topics include (and are not limited to): Yeast and bacterial physiology as it applies to brewing and distilling; starter culture management; mixed culture fermentations; spoilage; spontaneous fermentations; yeast genetics; strain improvements; process intensification; fermentation vessels (e.g., wood vs. stainless steel); fermentation technology; fermentation management; hygiene and sanitation; etc.

Prof. Dr. Frank Vriesekoop
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fermentation is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • yeast and bacterial physiology
  • starter culture management
  • mixed culture fermentations
  • spoilage
  • spontaneous fermentations
  • yeast genetics
  • strain improvements
  • process intensification
  • fermentation vessels
  • fermentation technology
  • fermentation management

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1439 KiB  
Article
Effects of Ultradisperse Humic Sapropel Suspension on Microbial Growth and Fermentation Parameters of Barley Distillate
by Daniel Nsengumuremyi, Parise Adadi, Maria V. Ukolova and Nadezhda V. Barakova
Fermentation 2019, 5(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5010024 - 26 Feb 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4213
Abstract
Barley and other cereal grains can be used in the production of ethanol. The quality and safety of the grains utilized have enormous effects on the overall yield and quality of the final product (ethanol). Therefore, the present paper seeks to elucidate the [...] Read more.
Barley and other cereal grains can be used in the production of ethanol. The quality and safety of the grains utilized have enormous effects on the overall yield and quality of the final product (ethanol). Therefore, the present paper seeks to elucidate the antimicrobial activities of ultradisperse humic sapropel suspensions (UDHSS) on barley, wort, fermentation, and the quality of the final product. A standard microbiological method was used to assess the biocidal activities. Physicochemical parameters and volatile compounds were determined. Treated samples exhibited least microbial growth (for grain: 1.145 ± 0.120 × 104 cfu/g) when compared to the control (3.425 ± 0.33 × 105 cfu/g). Mash from the treated sample had less Free Amino Nitrogen (35.14 ± 0.02 mg/L) than the control experiment (41.42 ± 0.01). However, the levels of °Brix and Free Amino Nitrogen (FAN) were unaffected by the UDHSS treatments. After the chromatographic analysis, it was revealed that the barley distillate obtained from treated grains had high volatiles concentration when compared to the control experiment. The volume of the methanol quantified in the distillate was low, and hence safe, and might find applications in the food industries or in domestic consumption after rectification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brewing & Distilling)
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19 pages, 2552 KiB  
Article
Application of Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts Isolated from Kombucha in the Production of Alcohol-Free Beer
by Konstantin Bellut, Maximilian Michel, Martin Zarnkow, Mathias Hutzler, Fritz Jacob, David P. De Schutter, Luk Daenen, Kieran M. Lynch, Emanuele Zannini and Elke K. Arendt
Fermentation 2018, 4(3), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4030066 - 17 Aug 2018
Cited by 63 | Viewed by 19259
Abstract
Alcohol-free beer (AFB) is no longer just a niche product in the beer market. For brewers, this product category offers economic benefits in the form of a growing market and often a lower tax burden and enables brewers to extend their product portfolio [...] Read more.
Alcohol-free beer (AFB) is no longer just a niche product in the beer market. For brewers, this product category offers economic benefits in the form of a growing market and often a lower tax burden and enables brewers to extend their product portfolio and promote responsible drinking. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts are known for their flavor-enhancing properties in food fermentations, and their prevailing inability to ferment maltose and maltotriose sets a natural fermentation limit and can introduce a promising approach in the production of AFB (≤0.5% v/v). Five strains isolated from kombucha, Hanseniaspora valbyensis, Hanseniaspora vineae, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Zygosaccharomyces kombuchaensis were compared to a commercially applied AFB strain Saccharomycodes ludwigii and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae brewer’s yeast. The strains were characterized for their sugar utilization, phenolic off-flavors, hop sensitivity and flocculation. Trial fermentations were analyzed for extract reduction, ethanol formation, pH drop and final beers were analyzed for amino acids utilization and fermentation by-products. The performance of non-Saccharomyces strains and the commercial AFB strain were comparable during fermentation and production of fermentation by-products. An experienced sensory panel could not discriminate between the non-Saccharomyces AFB and the one produced with the commercial AFB strain, therefore indicating their suitability in AFB brewing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brewing & Distilling)
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9 pages, 918 KiB  
Article
Identification of Microflora in a Biological Brewer’s Wort Acidification Process Run Continuously for 20 Years
by Mathias Hutzler, Jana Čmielová, Tobias Frank, Andreas Brandl, Fritz Jacob and Maximilian Michel
Fermentation 2018, 4(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4030051 - 04 Jul 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4899
Abstract
Biological acidification is a common and beneficial way for breweries to adjust the pH value of their mash or wort to improve enzymatic activity during mashing, raise yeast activity during fermentation, and increase the flavor stability of the finished beer. The reactors are [...] Read more.
Biological acidification is a common and beneficial way for breweries to adjust the pH value of their mash or wort to improve enzymatic activity during mashing, raise yeast activity during fermentation, and increase the flavor stability of the finished beer. The reactors are mostly run for many years without re-inoculating a fresh culture, creating the possibility of changes in the culture, genetic drifts, or the survival of different strains. In this study, a biological acidification culture that had been continuously run for 20 years was analyzed by GTG5 PCR and IGS2-314 rDNA PCR fingerprinting, as well as 16S and 26S rDNA sequencing, and real-time PCR was applied to differentiate the bacterial and yeast strains and species. The applied real-time PCR primers for Lactobacillus amylolyticus and Lactobacillus amylovorus have not been published yet. It was shown that only strains of the species L. amylolyticus were present, with low contamination of yeast strains from the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As the original starter culture was Lactobacillus amylolyticus, the acidification plant ran for 20 years, and no Lactobacillus sp. cross-contamination could be analyzed using culture-dependent methods after 20 years. The microflora composition is a decisive factor for the final beer flavor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brewing & Distilling)
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17 pages, 1240 KiB  
Article
Micro-Malting for the Quality Evaluation of Rye (Secale cereale) Genotypes
by Yujuan Wang, Zhao Jin, John Barr, James Gillespie, Senay Simsek, Richard D. Horsley and Paul B. Schwarz
Fermentation 2018, 4(3), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4030050 - 27 Jun 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5603
Abstract
Malting of rye and the use of rye malts presents several challenges to maltsters and brewers, like the lack of a hull, dense packing in steep, and high wort viscosity. While empirical evidence shows that rye genotypes differ in malting and brewing performance [...] Read more.
Malting of rye and the use of rye malts presents several challenges to maltsters and brewers, like the lack of a hull, dense packing in steep, and high wort viscosity. While empirical evidence shows that rye genotypes differ in malting and brewing performance and flavor, there is little published information on the malting of rye or the malt quality attributes of rye genotypes. The objective was to evaluate laboratory micro-malting conditions that could be used in quality screening. Parameters included germination time, moisture and kernel size. Wort arabinoxylan and phenolic acid contents were determined in addition to standard malt quality parameters. In general, high extract and lower viscosity were achieved by malting for at least 4 days at 45%–48% moisture under the temperature of 16 °C. However, as some commercial maltsters indicated the difficulty of handling of germinating rye at the highest moisture levels, we recommend 5 days of germination at 45% moisture for the future evaluation of rye cultivars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brewing & Distilling)
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Review

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11 pages, 2291 KiB  
Review
Free Amino Nitrogen in Brewing
by Annie E. Hill and Graham G. Stewart
Fermentation 2019, 5(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5010022 - 18 Feb 2019
Cited by 77 | Viewed by 15401
Abstract
The role of nitrogenous components in malt and wort during the production of beer has long been recognized. The concentration and range of wort amino acids impact on ethanolic fermentation by yeast and on the production of a range of flavour and aroma [...] Read more.
The role of nitrogenous components in malt and wort during the production of beer has long been recognized. The concentration and range of wort amino acids impact on ethanolic fermentation by yeast and on the production of a range of flavour and aroma compounds in the final beer. This review summarizes research on Free Amino Nitrogen (FAN) within brewing, including various methods of analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brewing & Distilling)
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12 pages, 1320 KiB  
Review
Beer–The Importance of Colloidal Stability (Non-Biological Haze)
by Kristina Mastanjević, Vinko Krstanović, Jasmina Lukinac, Marko Jukić, Zdravko Vulin and Krešimir Mastanjević
Fermentation 2018, 4(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4040091 - 02 Nov 2018
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 16502
Abstract
Today’s beer differs in many ways from the original hazy brew made from grains and water left in the sun to ferment. The development of brewing procedures introduced filtration and colloidal stabilization as key elements in beer preservation and stability. Colloidal stability of [...] Read more.
Today’s beer differs in many ways from the original hazy brew made from grains and water left in the sun to ferment. The development of brewing procedures introduced filtration and colloidal stabilization as key elements in beer preservation and stability. Colloidal stability of beer is the most important factor in beer quality. Colloidal particles significantly shorten beer’s storage time, but most importantly, also influence its appearance. Colloidal stabilization involves one or more procedures that are applied at different stages during production and result in colloidal stability of the final product. Beer is considered to be colloidal stable if it can be stored for several months at 25 °C without exhibiting any changes in composition or other properties; specifically, beer has to be able to remain clear without any signs of precipitation. Since colloidal stability is of primary importance for the consumer, retail requirements have resulted in many solutions for this issue. Stabilization agents have to be reliable during the filtration and stabilization processes. Additionally, renewable agents are highly desirable. The level of colloidal stability required depends on the desired storage time and temperature after the beer has been packed. Consumers have higher and higher expectations that the industry has to follow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brewing & Distilling)
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9 pages, 221 KiB  
Review
A Review on the Source of Lipids and Their Interactions during Beer Fermentation that Affect Beer Quality
by Russell Gordon, Aoife Power, James Chapman, Shaneel Chandra and Daniel Cozzolino
Fermentation 2018, 4(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4040089 - 24 Oct 2018
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7099
Abstract
The presence of lipids in wort and beer are important due to their influence on yeast metabolism and beer quality. Barley lipids have long been considered to have adverse effects on beer quality where some long-chain fatty acids are associated with high flavour [...] Read more.
The presence of lipids in wort and beer are important due to their influence on yeast metabolism and beer quality. Barley lipids have long been considered to have adverse effects on beer quality where some long-chain fatty acids are associated with high flavour potential. In addition, beer foam stability can be influenced by the concentration of lipids as well as other factors such as hop acids (e.g., iso-α-acids), proteins, polysaccharides and the presence of metal ions (e.g., nickel). Lipids can also influence yeast protease activity as well as the production of ethanol. This review provides an overview of the effect of climate change on the chemical composition of barley in relation to lipids and the influence of lipids in the process of this raw material in order to produce beer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brewing & Distilling)
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32 pages, 32191 KiB  
Review
Yeast Flocculation—Sedimentation and Flotation
by Graham G. Stewart
Fermentation 2018, 4(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4020028 - 16 Apr 2018
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 26947
Abstract
Unlike most fermentation alcohol beverage production processes, brewers recycle their yeast. This is achieved by employing a yeast culture’s: flocculation, adhesion, sedimentation, flotation, and cropping characteristics. As a consequence of yeast recycling, the quality of the cropped yeast culture’s characteristics is critical. However, [...] Read more.
Unlike most fermentation alcohol beverage production processes, brewers recycle their yeast. This is achieved by employing a yeast culture’s: flocculation, adhesion, sedimentation, flotation, and cropping characteristics. As a consequence of yeast recycling, the quality of the cropped yeast culture’s characteristics is critical. However, the other major function of brewer’s yeast is to metabolise wort into ethanol, carbon dioxide, glycerol, and other fermentation products, many of which contribute to beer’s overall flavour characteristics. This review will only focus on brewer’s yeast flocculation characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brewing & Distilling)
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13 pages, 4857 KiB  
Review
Impact of Wort Amino Acids on Beer Flavour: A Review
by Inês M. Ferreira and Luís F. Guido
Fermentation 2018, 4(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4020023 - 28 Mar 2018
Cited by 96 | Viewed by 15153
Abstract
The process by which beer is brewed has not changed significantly since its discovery thousands of years ago. Grain is malted, dried, crushed and mixed with hot water to produce wort. Yeast is added to the sweet, viscous wort, after which fermentation occurs. [...] Read more.
The process by which beer is brewed has not changed significantly since its discovery thousands of years ago. Grain is malted, dried, crushed and mixed with hot water to produce wort. Yeast is added to the sweet, viscous wort, after which fermentation occurs. The biochemical events that occur during fermentation reflect the genotype of the yeast strain used, and its phenotypic expression is influenced by the composition of the wort and the conditions established in the fermenting vessel. Although wort is complex and not completely characterized, its content in amino acids indubitably affects the production of some minor metabolic products of fermentation which contribute to the flavour of beer. These metabolic products include higher alcohols, esters, carbonyls and sulfur-containing compounds. The formation of these products is comprehensively reviewed in this paper. Furthermore, the role of amino acids in the beer flavour, in particular their relationships with flavour active compounds, is discussed in light of recent data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brewing & Distilling)
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13 pages, 702 KiB  
Review
The Impact of Simple Phenolic Compounds on Beer Aroma and Flavor
by Michael Lentz
Fermentation 2018, 4(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4010020 - 19 Mar 2018
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 15089
Abstract
Beer is a complex beverage containing a myriad of flavor- and aroma-active compounds. Brewers strive to achieve an appropriate balance of desired characters, while avoiding off-aromas and flavors. Phenolic compounds are always present in finished beer, as they are extracted from grains and [...] Read more.
Beer is a complex beverage containing a myriad of flavor- and aroma-active compounds. Brewers strive to achieve an appropriate balance of desired characters, while avoiding off-aromas and flavors. Phenolic compounds are always present in finished beer, as they are extracted from grains and hops during the mashing and brewing process. Some of these compounds have little impact on finished beer, while others may contribute either desirable or undesirable aromas, flavors, and mouthfeel characteristics. They may also contribute to beer stability. The role of simple phenolic compounds on the attributes of wort and beer are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brewing & Distilling)
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