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17 pages, 1026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peukert Revisited—Critical Appraisal and Need for Modification for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Noshin Omar, Peter Van den Bossche, Thierry Coosemans and Joeri Van Mierlo

Energies 2013, 6(11), 5625-5641; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6115625 - 25 Oct 2013

Cited by 82 | Viewed by 11292

Abstract

The Peukert relationship was originally introduced in 1897 for lead-acid batteries and defines one of the most common parameters for battery performance evaluation. This article assesses its application for lithium-ion batteries. From the performed analysis, we can conclude that the Peukert relationship is [...] Read more.

The Peukert relationship was originally introduced in 1897 for lead-acid batteries and defines one of the most common parameters for battery performance evaluation. This article assesses its application for lithium-ion batteries. From the performed analysis, we can conclude that the Peukert relationship is suitable in a narrow working range such as limited current range and almost constant working temperature. Taking into account however that lithium-ion traction batteries in battery electric vehicle applications operate under strongly variable conditions, a novel relationship has been developed, allowing a more accurate description of the discharge capacity of lithium-ion batteries than the Peukert relationship does. The proposed new relationship has been derived based on comprehensive experimental analysis of the parameters that affect the battery discharge capacity and can be implemented in battery mathematical models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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12 pages, 982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Effects of the Cathode Composition of a Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery on the Discharge Behavior

by Jeongbin Lee, Jaeshin Yi, Chee Burm Shin, Seung Ho Yu and Won Il Cho

Energies 2013, 6(11), 5597-5608; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6115597 - 24 Oct 2013

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7088

Abstract

This paper reports a modeling methodology to predict the effects on the discharge behavior of the cathode composition of a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery cell comprising a LFP cathode, a lithium metal anode, and an organic electrolyte. A one-dimensional model based on [...] Read more.

This paper reports a modeling methodology to predict the effects on the discharge behavior of the cathode composition of a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery cell comprising a LFP cathode, a lithium metal anode, and an organic electrolyte. A one-dimensional model based on a finite element method is presented to calculate the cell voltage change of a LFP battery cell during galvanostatic discharge. To test the validity of the modeling approach, the modeling results for the variations of the cell voltage of the LFP battery as a function of time are compared with the experimental measurements during galvanostatic discharge at various discharge rates of 0.1C, 0.5C, 1.0C, and 2.0C for three different compositions of the LFP cathode. The discharge curves obtained from the model are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. On the basis of the validated modeling approach, the effects of the cathode composition on the discharge behavior of a LFP battery cell are estimated. The modeling results exhibit highly nonlinear dependencies of the discharge behavior of a LFP battery cell on the discharge C-rate and cathode composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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14 pages, 467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Second-Order Discrete-Time Sliding Mode Observer for State of Charge Determination Based on a Dynamic Resistance Li-Ion Battery Model

by Daehyun Kim, Keunhwi Koo, Jae Jin Jeong, Taedong Goh and Sang Woo Kim

Energies 2013, 6(10), 5538-5551; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6105538 - 22 Oct 2013

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 8612

Abstract

A second-order discrete-time sliding mode observer (DSMO)-based method is proposed to estimate the state of charge (SOC) of a Li-ion battery. Unlike the first-order sliding mode approach, the proposed method eliminates the chattering phenomenon in SOC estimation. Further, a battery model with a [...] Read more.

A second-order discrete-time sliding mode observer (DSMO)-based method is proposed to estimate the state of charge (SOC) of a Li-ion battery. Unlike the first-order sliding mode approach, the proposed method eliminates the chattering phenomenon in SOC estimation. Further, a battery model with a dynamic resistance is also proposed to improve the accuracy of the battery model. Similar to actual battery behavior, the resistance parameters in this model are changed by both the magnitude of the discharge current and the SOC level. Validation of the dynamic resistance model is performed through pulse current discharge tests at two different SOC levels. Our experimental results show that the proposed estimation method not only enhances the estimation accuracy but also eliminates the chattering phenomenon. The SOC estimation performance of the second-order DSMO is compared with that of the first-order DSMO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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28 pages, 1609 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Experimental Testbed for Research in Lithium-Ion Battery Management Systems

by Nima Lotfi, Poria Fajri, Samuel Novosad, Jack Savage, Robert G. Landers and Mehdi Ferdowsi

Energies 2013, 6(10), 5231-5258; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6105231 - 15 Oct 2013

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 9870

Abstract

Advanced electrochemical batteries are becoming an integral part of a wide range of applications from household and commercial to smart grid, transportation, and aerospace applications. Among different battery technologies, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are growing more and more popular due to their high energy [...] Read more.

Advanced electrochemical batteries are becoming an integral part of a wide range of applications from household and commercial to smart grid, transportation, and aerospace applications. Among different battery technologies, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are growing more and more popular due to their high energy density, high galvanic potential, low self-discharge, low weight, and the fact that they have almost no memory effect. However, one of the main obstacles facing the widespread commercialization of Li-ion batteries is the design of reliable battery management systems (BMSs). An efficient BMS ensures electrical safety during operation, while increasing battery lifetime, capacity and thermal stability. Despite the need for extensive research in this field, the majority of research conducted on Li-ion battery packs and BMS are proprietary works conducted by manufacturers. The available literature, however, provides either general descriptions or detailed analysis of individual components of the battery system, and ignores addressing details of the overall system development. This paper addresses the development of an experimental research testbed for studying Li-ion batteries and their BMS design. The testbed can be configured in a variety of cell and pack architectures, allowing for a wide range of BMS monitoring, diagnostics, and control technologies to be tested and analyzed. General considerations that should be taken into account while designing Li-ion battery systems are reviewed and different technologies and challenges commonly encountered in Li-ion battery systems are investigated. This testbed facilitates future development of more practical and improved BMS technologies with the aim of increasing the safety, reliability, and efficiency of existing Li-ion battery systems. Experimental results of initial tests performed on the system are used to demonstrate some of the capabilities of the developed research testbed. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first work that addresses, at the same time, the practical battery system development issues along with the theoretical and technological challenges from cell to pack level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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19 pages, 1002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Switching Table-Based Sliding Mode Control of an Energy Recovery Li-Ion Power Accumulator Battery Pack Testing System

by Bo Long, Ji Hyoung Ryu and Kil To Chong

Energies 2013, 6(10), 5200-5218; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6105200 - 14 Oct 2013

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7046

Abstract

The main objective of the present work is to apply a sliding mode controller (SMC) to medium voltage and high power output energy recovery Li-ion power accumulator battery pack testing systems (ERLPABTSs), which are composed of a three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) three-phase voltage source [...] Read more.

The main objective of the present work is to apply a sliding mode controller (SMC) to medium voltage and high power output energy recovery Li-ion power accumulator battery pack testing systems (ERLPABTSs), which are composed of a three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) and a two-level buck-boost converter without an isolating transformer. An inner current decoupled control scheme for the aforementioned system is proposed and two sliding mode planes for active and reactive current control are designed based on the control scheme. An optimized switching table for current convergence is used according to the error sign of the equivalent input voltage and feedback voltage. The proposed ERLPABTS could be used to integrate discharging energy into the power grid when performing high accuracy current testing. The active and reactive power references for the grid-connected inverter are determined based on the discharging energy from the DC-DC converter. Simulations and experiments on a laboratory hardware platform using a 175 kW insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based ERLPABTS have been implemented and verified, and the performance is found satisfactory and superior to conventional ERLPABPTS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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14 pages, 547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Battery System Modeling for a Military Electric Propulsion Vehicle with a Fault Simulation

by Hyeongjin Ham, Kyuhong Han and Hyeongcheol Lee

Energies 2013, 6(10), 5168-5181; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6105168 - 14 Oct 2013

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7326

Abstract

This paper describes the development process and results of a battery system model with a fault simulation for electric propulsion vehicles. The developed battery system model can be used to verify control and fault diagnosis strategies of the supervisory controller in an electric [...] Read more.

This paper describes the development process and results of a battery system model with a fault simulation for electric propulsion vehicles. The developed battery system model can be used to verify control and fault diagnosis strategies of the supervisory controller in an electric propulsion vehicle. To develop this battery system model, three sub-models, including a battery model, a relay assembly model, and a battery management system (BMS) model, are connected together like in the target real battery system. Comparison results between the real battery system hardware and the battery system model show a similar tendency and values. Furthermore, the fault injection test of the model shows that the proposed battery system model can simulate a failure situation consistent with a real system. It is possible for the model to emulate the battery characteristics and fault situation if it is used in the development process of a BMS or for supervisory control strategies for electric propulsion systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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12 pages, 497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Conditions for Fast Charging and Long Cycling Stability of Silicon Microwire Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries, and Comparison with the Performance of Other Si Anode Concepts

by Enrique Quiroga-González, Jürgen Carstensen and Helmut Föll

Energies 2013, 6(10), 5145-5156; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6105145 - 10 Oct 2013

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7680

Abstract

Cycling tests under various conditions have been performed for lithium ion battery anodes made from free-standing silicon microwires embedded at one end in a copper current collector. Optimum charging/discharging conditions have been found for which the anode shows negligible fading (< 0.001%) over [...] Read more.

Cycling tests under various conditions have been performed for lithium ion battery anodes made from free-standing silicon microwires embedded at one end in a copper current collector. Optimum charging/discharging conditions have been found for which the anode shows negligible fading (< 0.001%) over 80 cycles; an outstanding result for this kind of anodes. Several performance parameters of the anode have been compared to the ones of other Si anode concepts, showing that especially the capacity as well as the rates of charge flow per nominal area of anode are the highest for the present anode. With regard to applications, the specific parameters per area are more important than the specific gravimetric parameters like the gravimetric capacity, which is good for comparing the capacity between materials but not enough for comparing between anodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison Study on the Battery SoC Estimation with EKF and UKF Algorithms

by Hongwen He, Hongzhou Qin, Xiaokun Sun and Yuanpeng Shui

Energies 2013, 6(10), 5088-5100; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6105088 - 30 Sep 2013

Cited by 89 | Viewed by 11199

Abstract

The battery state of charge (SoC), whose estimation is one of the basic functions of battery management system (BMS), is a vital input parameter in the energy management and power distribution control of electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, two methods based on [...] Read more.

The battery state of charge (SoC), whose estimation is one of the basic functions of battery management system (BMS), is a vital input parameter in the energy management and power distribution control of electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, two methods based on an extended Kalman filter (EKF) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF), respectively, are proposed to estimate the SoC of a lithium-ion battery used in EVs. The lithium-ion battery is modeled with the Thevenin model and the model parameters are identified based on experimental data and validated with the Beijing Driving Cycle. Then space equations used for SoC estimation are established. The SoC estimation results with EKF and UKF are compared in aspects of accuracy and convergence. It is concluded that the two algorithms both perform well, while the UKF algorithm is much better with a faster convergence ability and a higher accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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11 pages, 3811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles on Graphene Oxides for High Capacity Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

by Taegyune Yoon, Jaegyeong Kim, Jinku Kim and Jung Kyoo Lee

Energies 2013, 6(9), 4830-4840; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6094830 - 12 Sep 2013

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 10630

Abstract

Magnetite, Fe₃O₄_, is a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity (924 mA h g⁻¹), high density, low cost and low toxicity. However, its application as high capacity anodes is still [...] Read more.

Magnetite, Fe₃O₄_, is a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity (924 mA h g⁻¹), high density, low cost and low toxicity. However, its application as high capacity anodes is still hampered by poor cycling performance. To stabilize the cycling performance of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, composites comprising Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and graphene sheets (GS) were fabricated. The Fe₃O₄/GS composite disks of mm dimensions were prepared by electrostatic self-assembly between negatively charged graphene oxide (GO) sheets and positively charged Fe₃O₄-APTMS [Fe₃O₄ grafted with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS)] in an acidic solution (pH = 2) followed by in situ chemical reduction. Thus prepared Fe₃O₄/GS composite showed an excellent rate capability as well as much enhanced cycling stability compared with Fe₃O₄ electrode. The superior electrochemical responses of Fe₃O₄/GS composite disks assure the advantages of: (1) electrostatic self-assembly between high storage-capacity materials with GO; and (2) incorporation of GS in the Fe₃O₄/GS composite for high capacity lithium-ion battery application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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17 pages, 402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Liquid Inorganic Electrolyte Showing an Unusually High Lithium Ion Transference Number: A Concentrated Solution of LiAlCl₄ in Sulfur Dioxide

by Robert Hartl, Matthias Fleischmann, Ruth M. Gschwind, Martin Winter and Heiner Jakob Gores

Energies 2013, 6(9), 4448-4464; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6094448 - 29 Aug 2013

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 9654

Abstract

We report on studies of an inorganic electrolyte: LiAlCl₄ in liquid sulfur dioxide. Concentrated solutions show a very high conductivity when compared with typical electrolytes for lithium ion batteries that are based on organic solvents. Our investigations include conductivity measurements and measurements [...] Read more.

We report on studies of an inorganic electrolyte: LiAlCl₄ in liquid sulfur dioxide. Concentrated solutions show a very high conductivity when compared with typical electrolytes for lithium ion batteries that are based on organic solvents. Our investigations include conductivity measurements and measurements of transference numbers via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and by a classical direct method, Hittorf’s method. For the use of Hittorf’s method, it is necessary to measure the concentration of the electrolyte in a selected cell compartment before and after electrochemical polarization very precisely. This task was finally performed by potentiometric titration after hydrolysis of the salt. The Haven ratio was determined to estimate the association behavior of this very concentrated electrolyte solution. The measured unusually high transference number of the lithium cation of the studied most concentrated solution, a molten solvate LiAlCl₄ × 1.6SO₂, makes this electrolyte a promising alternative for lithium ion cells with high power ability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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18 pages, 882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive State of Charge Estimation for Li-Ion Batteries Based on an Unscented Kalman Filter with an Enhanced Battery Model

by Zhiwei He, Mingyu Gao, Caisheng Wang, Leyi Wang and Yuanyuan Liu

Energies 2013, 6(8), 4134-4151; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6084134 - 12 Aug 2013

Cited by 93 | Viewed by 9572

Abstract

Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of batteries is one of the key problems in a battery management system. This paper proposes an adaptive SOC estimation method based on unscented Kalman filter algorithms for lithium (Li)-ion batteries. First, an enhanced battery [...] Read more.

Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of batteries is one of the key problems in a battery management system. This paper proposes an adaptive SOC estimation method based on unscented Kalman filter algorithms for lithium (Li)-ion batteries. First, an enhanced battery model is proposed to include the impacts due to different discharge rates and temperatures. An adaptive joint estimation of the battery SOC and battery internal resistance is then presented to enhance system robustness with battery aging. The SOC estimation algorithm has been developed and verified through experiments on different types of Li-ion batteries. The results indicate that the proposed method provides an accurate SOC estimation and is computationally efficient, making it suitable for embedded system implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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15 pages, 661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Satellite Lithium-Ion Battery Remaining Cycle Life Prediction with Novel Indirect Health Indicator Extraction

by Datong Liu, Hong Wang, Yu Peng, Wei Xie and Haitao Liao

Energies 2013, 6(8), 3654-3668; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6083654 - 25 Jul 2013

Cited by 175 | Viewed by 12429

Abstract

Prognostics and remaining useful life (RUL) estimation for lithium-ion batteries play an important role in intelligent battery management systems (BMS). The capacity is often used as the fade indicator for estimating the remaining cycle life of a lithium-ion battery. For spacecraft requiring high [...] Read more.

Prognostics and remaining useful life (RUL) estimation for lithium-ion batteries play an important role in intelligent battery management systems (BMS). The capacity is often used as the fade indicator for estimating the remaining cycle life of a lithium-ion battery. For spacecraft requiring high reliability and long lifetime, in-orbit RUL estimation and reliability verification on ground should be carefully addressed. However, it is quite challenging to monitor and estimate the capacity of a lithium-ion battery on-line in satellite applications. In this work, a novel health indicator (HI) is extracted from the operating parameters of a lithium-ion battery to quantify battery degradation. Moreover, the Grey Correlation Analysis (GCA) is utilized to evaluate the similarities between the extracted HI and the battery’s capacity. The result illustrates the effectiveness of using this new HI for fading indication. Furthermore, we propose an optimized ensemble monotonic echo state networks (En_MONESN) algorithm, in which the monotonic constraint is introduced to improve the adaptivity of degradation trend estimation, and ensemble learning is integrated to achieve high stability and precision of RUL prediction. Experiments with actual testing data show the efficiency of our proposed method in RUL estimation and degradation modeling for the satellite lithium-ion battery application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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25 pages, 2752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Results from a Novel Method for Corrosion Studies of Electroplated Lithium Metal Based on Measurements with an Impedance Scanning Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance

by Tanja Schedlbauer, Björn Hoffmann, Steffen Krüger, Heiner Jakob Gores and Martin Winter

Energies 2013, 6(7), 3481-3505; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6073481 - 15 Jul 2013

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7671

Abstract

A new approach to study the chemical stability of electrodeposited lithium on a copper metal substrate via measurements with a fast impedance scanning electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance is presented. The corrosion of electrochemically deposited lithium was compared in two different electrolytes, based on [...] Read more.

A new approach to study the chemical stability of electrodeposited lithium on a copper metal substrate via measurements with a fast impedance scanning electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance is presented. The corrosion of electrochemically deposited lithium was compared in two different electrolytes, based on lithium difluoro(oxalato) borate (LiDFOB) and lithium hexafluorophosphate, both salts being dissolved in solvent blends of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate. For a better understanding of the corrosion mechanisms, scanning electron microscopy images of electrodeposited lithium were also consulted. The results of the EQCM experiments were supported by AC impedance measurements and clearly showed two different corrosion mechanisms caused by the different salts and the formed SEIs. The observed mass decrease of the quartz sensor of the LiDFOB-based electrolyte is not smooth, but rather composed of a series of abrupt mass fluctuations in contrast to that of the lithium hexafluorophosphate-based electrolyte. After each slow decrease of mass a rather fast increase of mass is observed several times. The slow mass decrease can be attributed to a consolidation process of the SEI or to the partial dissolution of the SEI leaving finally lithium metal unprotected so that a fast film formation sets in entailing the observed fast mass increases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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15 pages, 44841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acetylene Black/Sulfur Composites Synthesized by a Solution Evaporation Concentration Crystallization Method and Their Electrochemical Properties for Li/S Batteries

by Haibo Tan, Shengping Wang, Du Tao and Zhigao Yang

Energies 2013, 6(7), 3466-3480; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6073466 - 15 Jul 2013

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7113

Abstract

A novel technique to prepare carbon/sulfur composites as cathode materials for Li/S batteries is proposed, which we call the ‘solution evaporation concentration crystallization’ method. Three composites with different S loadings were prepared, subject to two different solvent evaporation rates from acetylene black (AB)/sulfur [...] Read more.

A novel technique to prepare carbon/sulfur composites as cathode materials for Li/S batteries is proposed, which we call the ‘solution evaporation concentration crystallization’ method. Three composites with different S loadings were prepared, subject to two different solvent evaporation rates from acetylene black (AB)/sulfur in carbon disulfide solutions. X-ray diffraction, environmental scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurements all show that the porous AB structure is well-filled with S. Composites prepared at a lower solvent evaporation rate with 50 wt % S content, had good electrochemical properties, with 1609.67 mAh g⁻¹after 100 cycles. Composites with better dispersibility at a low solvent evaporation rate can effectively prevent polysulfide from dissolving in the electrolyte, and serve to stabilize the structure of the S cathode during the charge-discharge process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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15 pages, 38993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Capacity Prediction via Adaptive Bathtub-Shaped Function

by Yi Chen, Qiang Miao, Bin Zheng, Shaomin Wu and Michael Pecht

Energies 2013, 6(6), 3082-3096; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6063082 - 21 Jun 2013

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 8697

Abstract

Batteries are one of the most important components in many mechatronics systems, as they supply power to the systems and their failures may lead to reduced performance or even catastrophic results. Therefore, the prediction analysis of remaining useful life (RUL) of batteries is [...] Read more.

Batteries are one of the most important components in many mechatronics systems, as they supply power to the systems and their failures may lead to reduced performance or even catastrophic results. Therefore, the prediction analysis of remaining useful life (RUL) of batteries is very important. This paper develops a quantitative approach for battery RUL prediction using an adaptive bathtub-shaped function (ABF). ABF has been utilised to model the normalised battery cycle capacity prognostic curves, which attempt to predict the remaining battery capacity with given historical test data. An artificial fish swarm algorithm method with a variable population size (AFSAVP) is employed as the optimiser for the parameter determination of the ABF curves, in which the fitness function is defined in the form of a coefficient of determination (R2). A 4 x 2 cross-validation (CV) has been devised, and the results show that the method can work valuably for battery health management and battery life prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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24 pages, 712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New State of Charge Estimation Method for LiFePO₄ Battery Packs Used in Robots

by Ming-Hui Chang, Han-Pang Huang and Shu-Wei Chang

Energies 2013, 6(4), 2007-2030; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6042007 - 8 Apr 2013

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 7375

Abstract

The accurate state of charge (SOC) estimation of the LiFePO₄ battery packs used in robot applications is required for better battery life cycle, performance, reliability, and economic issues. In this paper, a new SOC estimation method, “Modified ECE + EKF”, is proposed. [...] Read more.

The accurate state of charge (SOC) estimation of the LiFePO₄ battery packs used in robot applications is required for better battery life cycle, performance, reliability, and economic issues. In this paper, a new SOC estimation method, “Modified ECE + EKF”, is proposed. The method is the combination of the modified Equivalent Coulombic Efficiency (ECE) method and the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) method. It is based on the zero-state hysteresis battery model, and adopts the EKF method to correct the initial value used in the Ah counting method. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is superior to the traditional techniques, such as ECE + EKF and ECE + Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), and the accuracy of estimation is within 1%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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8 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Cyclability of Liquid Electrolyte Lithium/Sulfur Batteries by Optimizing Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratio

by Sheng S. Zhang

Energies 2012, 5(12), 5190-5197; https://doi.org/10.3390/en5125190 - 7 Dec 2012

Cited by 202 | Viewed by 14825

Abstract

A liquid electrolyte lithium/sulfur (Li/S) cell is a liquid electrochemical system. In discharge, sulfur is first reduced to highly soluble Li₂S₈, which dissolves into the organic electrolyte and serves as the liquid cathode. In solution, lithium polysulfide (PS) undergoes [...] Read more.

A liquid electrolyte lithium/sulfur (Li/S) cell is a liquid electrochemical system. In discharge, sulfur is first reduced to highly soluble Li₂S₈, which dissolves into the organic electrolyte and serves as the liquid cathode. In solution, lithium polysulfide (PS) undergoes a series of complicated disproportionations, whose chemical equilibriums vary with the PS concentration and affect the cell’s performance. Since the PS concentration relates to a certain electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratio, there is an optimized E/S ratio for the cyclability of each Li/S cell system. In this work, we study the optimized E/S ratio by measuring the cycling performance of Li/S cells, and propose an empirical method for determination of the optimized E/S ratio. By employing an electrolyte of 0.25 m LiSO₃CF₃-0.25 m LiNO₃ dissolved in a 1:1 (wt:wt) mixture of dimethyl ether (DME) and 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) in an optimized E/S ratio, we show that the Li/S cell with a cathode containing 72% sulfur and 2 mg cm⁻² sulfur loading is able to retain a specific capacity of 780 mAh g⁻¹ after 100 cycles at 0.5 mA cm⁻² between 1.7 V and 2.8 V. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

29 pages, 7569 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Research Progress on Non-aqueous Lithium-Air Batteries from Argonne National Laboratory

by Jun Lu and Khalil Amine

Energies 2013, 6(11), 6016-6044; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6116016 - 18 Nov 2013

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 11699

Abstract

Rechargeable non-aqueous Li-air battery technology offers potential advantages over other existing battery systems in terms of specific energy and energy density, which could enable the driving range of an electric vehicle to be comparable to that of gasoline vehicles. Development of efficient cathode [...] Read more.

Rechargeable non-aqueous Li-air battery technology offers potential advantages over other existing battery systems in terms of specific energy and energy density, which could enable the driving range of an electric vehicle to be comparable to that of gasoline vehicles. Development of efficient cathode catalysts and stable electrolytes for the Li-air battery has been intensively investigated for the past several years, and a number of review articles covering different topics are already available. This review mainly focuses on the research activities on rechargeable non-aqueous Li-air batteries at Argonne National Laboratory, with the emphasis on the gains in understanding of electrolyte decomposition, the structure and magnetic properties of lithium peroxide (Li₂O₂), development of an air-breathing cathode, and the effect of oxygen crossover on the lithium anode. Insights from this research have led to the improvement of the electrochemical performance of Li-air batteries. Promising paths for future work on rechargeable Li-air batteries are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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13 pages, 246 KiB

Open AccessReview

Preparation and Doping Mode of Doped LiMn₂O₄ for Li-Ion Batteries

by Qiuling Liu, Shengping Wang, Haibo Tan, Zhigao Yang and Jian Zeng

Energies 2013, 6(3), 1718-1730; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6031718 - 12 Mar 2013

Cited by 88 | Viewed by 12239

Abstract

Spinel LiMn₂O₄ is an appealing candidate cathode material for Li-ion rechargeable batteries, but itsuffers from severe capacity fading, especially at higher temperature (55 °C) during discharging/charging. In recent years, many attempts have been made to synthesize modified LiMn₂ [...] Read more.

Spinel LiMn₂O₄ is an appealing candidate cathode material for Li-ion rechargeable batteries, but itsuffers from severe capacity fading, especially at higher temperature (55 °C) during discharging/charging. In recent years, many attempts have been made to synthesize modified LiMn₂O₄. This paper reviews the recent research on the preparation and doping modes of doped LiMn₂O₄ for modifying the LiMn₂O₄_. We firstly compared preparation methods for doped spinel LiMn₂O₄, such as solid state reactions and solution synthetic methods. Then we mainly discuss doping modes reported in recent years, such as bulk doping, surface doping and combined doping. A comparison of different doping modes is also provided. The research shows that the multiple-ion doping and combined doping modes of LiMn₂O₄ used in Li-ion battery are excellent for improving different aspects of the electrochemical performance which holds great promise in the future. From this paper, we also can see that spinel LiMnO₄ as an attractive candidate cathode material for Li-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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Other

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14 pages, 657 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Lessons Learned from the 787 Dreamliner Issue on Lithium-Ion Battery Reliability

by Nicholas Williard, Wei He, Christopher Hendricks and Michael Pecht

Energies 2013, 6(9), 4682-4695; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6094682 - 9 Sep 2013

Cited by 284 | Viewed by 26186

Abstract

On 16 January 2013, all Boeing 787 Dreamliners were indefinitely grounded due to lithium-ion battery failures that had occurred in two planes. Subsequent investigations into the battery failures released through the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) factual report, the March 15th Boeing press [...] Read more.

On 16 January 2013, all Boeing 787 Dreamliners were indefinitely grounded due to lithium-ion battery failures that had occurred in two planes. Subsequent investigations into the battery failures released through the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) factual report, the March 15th Boeing press conference in Japan, and the NTSB hearings in Washington D.C., never identified the root causes of the failures—a major concern for ensuring safety and meeting reliability expectations. This paper discusses the challenges to lithium-ion battery qualification, reliability assessment, and safety in light of the Boeing 787 battery failures. New assessment methods and control techniques that can improve battery reliability and safety in avionic systems are then presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-ion Batteries and Energy Storage Devices)

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