Special Issue "Trends in the Development of Electric Vehicle"

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2021.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Marcin Połom
E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Regional Development, University of Gdańsk, Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland
Interests: transformation of electric public transport operation; increase of electromobility (especially in public transport); development of battery drives; competition between trolleybuses and electric buses; evaluation of the development of urban electric transport; spatial analysis; smart cities
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editor is inviting submissions to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of “Trends in the Development of Electric Vehicle”.

Reduction of pollutant emissions concerns in particular transport as one of the main emitters. The development of electromobility is becoming the main task that applies to both developed and developing countries, as well as those with less economic development. Modern battery technologies allow the spread of zero-emission vehicles that do not emit pollution at the place of use. They also allow you to cover ever greater distances without having to invest in the overhead contact line. This is particularly important in city centers, in highly urbanized areas, as well as in historic centers, where it is not possible to build appropriate infrastructure. The miniaturization of battery technologies also allows for the rapid development of individual transport vehicles, such as electric bikes, scooters and of course cars.

This issue will publish articles dealing with issues related to:

- development of electric vehicles,

- possibilities of their dissemination,

- increasing spatial accessibility of EV,

- electric vehicle development policy,

- studies on the assessment of the development of electric vehicles,

- comparative studies of various solutions of energy storage and electric drives.

Dr. Marcin Połom
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All papers will be peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Electromobility
  • Electric public transport
  • Tramways
  • Electric buses
  • Trolleybuses
  • EV
  • Electric cars
  • E-bicycles
  • Power storage

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

Article
Forecast of the Demand for Electric Mobility for Rome–Fiumicino International Airport
Energies 2021, 14(17), 5251; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175251 - 25 Aug 2021
Viewed by 161
Abstract
Following electrification of automotive transport, studies on the penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) are widespread, especially in defined contexts. As major transport hubs, airports fall within contexts worthy of interest. In this work, a forecast of the demand for electric mobility in an [...] Read more.
Following electrification of automotive transport, studies on the penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) are widespread, especially in defined contexts. As major transport hubs, airports fall within contexts worthy of interest. In this work, a forecast of the demand for electric mobility in an Italian international airport (Rome–Fiumicino) is presented. The main goal of the research is to build up a methodology that allows evaluating the penetration index of EVs that will access the airport parks in 2025 and 2030, to be able to have a preliminary assessment of the number of charging points necessary for serving them. In the paper, first, a wide review of proposed scenarios on the penetration of EVs at international and national level and available data on local automotive transport are presented, as a preliminary study for the definition of reference scenarios for the local context. Then, the proposed methodology is presented and applied to the specific case study. Finally, a preliminary sizing of the required charging infrastructure is reported. The results show that a significant impact on the airport electricity network can be foreseen, and it requires proper planning of adaptation/upgrading actions. The proposed approach can be considered as a reference for similar studies on electrical mobility in other airport areas around the world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in the Development of Electric Vehicle)
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Article
Could It Be a Bike for Everyone? The Electric Bicycle in Poland
Energies 2021, 14(16), 4878; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164878 - 10 Aug 2021
Viewed by 280
Abstract
The purpose of study was to find out how electric bikes are perceived in Poland, a country with a high level of motorisation and a low cycling culture. A key question was to investigate whether differences in perceptions between traditional (unassisted) and electrically [...] Read more.
The purpose of study was to find out how electric bikes are perceived in Poland, a country with a high level of motorisation and a low cycling culture. A key question was to investigate whether differences in perceptions between traditional (unassisted) and electrically assisted bicycles could bring about greater interest in bicycle transport. The analysis was based on the results of a CAWI survey analysing the perception of the electric bicycle in comparison with the traditional bicycle and the car. Its undoubted advantages are marginalised (only 14% of respondents considered it more practical). The position of the electric bicycle seemed to increase in the opinion of the surveyed only when used by elderly people with poorer fitness, as something that can encourage them to cycle. In general evaluations, it was the traditional bicycle that was seen as better for health. The presented results may serve as a signal that electric bicycles need more promotion in Poland, especially in terms of the benefits of using this mode of transport and the advantages over conventional bikes. The electric bicycle, due to its still low popularity in Poland, may be treated as a certain novelty, which is approached with some distrust and reserve. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in the Development of Electric Vehicle)
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Article
Privileging Electric Vehicles as an Element of Promoting Sustainable Urban Mobility—Effects on the Local Transport System in a Large Metropolis in Poland
Energies 2021, 14(13), 3838; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14133838 - 25 Jun 2021
Viewed by 366
Abstract
The main purpose of this article was to determine the impact on the equilibrium of the local transport system from privileging EVs by permitting them to use bus lanes. The study used two sets of data: information on infrastructure and traffic management; and [...] Read more.
The main purpose of this article was to determine the impact on the equilibrium of the local transport system from privileging EVs by permitting them to use bus lanes. The study used two sets of data: information on infrastructure and traffic management; and information on the recorded road network loads and traffic volumes generated by a given shopping centre—the E. Leclerc shopping centre (an important traffic generator within the city of Łódź, Poland). These sets were then used to develop a microsimulation traffic model for the shopping centre and the associated effects on the localised transport system. The model was constructed by means of the PTV Vissim software tool. An initial simulation was conducted that formed a basis for subsequent scenarios (in total, 17 simulations were performed). On the basis of the conducted analyses, it was established that—for the researched part of the transport system—privileging the still rather uncommon battery electric vehicles (BEVs) engendered a marginal deterioration of traffic conditions. At the same time, allowing BEVs to use bus lanes within the chosen research area had no negative impact on bus journey times. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in the Development of Electric Vehicle)
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Article
BASS Model Analysis in “Crossing the Chasm” in E-Cars Innovation Diffusion Scenarios
Energies 2021, 14(11), 3216; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113216 - 31 May 2021
Viewed by 799
Abstract
In the face of contemporary ecological problems, including the influence of transport and mobility on the greenhouse effect, policy makers see a solution in the technology of electric vehicles (EVs). This innovation has appeared in the automotive market around the world. In this [...] Read more.
In the face of contemporary ecological problems, including the influence of transport and mobility on the greenhouse effect, policy makers see a solution in the technology of electric vehicles (EVs). This innovation has appeared in the automotive market around the world. In this article, Rogers’ innovation diffusion concept was used to determine if and when EVs could replace combustion engine vehicles. The aim of the article is to analyze the current situation of innovative electric vehicle (EV) technology on the European Union (EU) market and the potential and possible directions of its market diffusion. As a result of the analysis of the current situation of the EU automotive markets, three groups of countries with different market conditions regarding the development of EV technology were distinguished. The classification was carried out using the K-means clustering algorithm, based on the current level of innovation and the level of development of the LPG-(Liquefied Petroleum Gas) powered car market. Then, a group of countries with the greatest advancement in EV technology was selected for further research and market diffusion scenarios were created for this innovation using the Bass model, assuming the target market size of 70–100% of all passenger cars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in the Development of Electric Vehicle)
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Article
Multiple-Criteria-Based Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Design Problem
Energies 2021, 14(11), 3214; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113214 - 31 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 615
Abstract
The article presents the issue of designing a network of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) for servicing passenger and commercial vehicles and taking into account the already existing locations. The authors propose a five-stage multicriteria- and GIS-based EVCS location methodology (5MAGISEV) for designing [...] Read more.
The article presents the issue of designing a network of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) for servicing passenger and commercial vehicles and taking into account the already existing locations. The authors propose a five-stage multicriteria- and GIS-based EVCS location methodology (5MAGISEV) for designing the EVCS network that includes defining potential EVCS locations (stage 1), constructing a family of evaluation criteria (stage 2), generating alternatives (stage 3), selecting an appropriate multiple criteria decision aid method (stage 4) and conducting a multicriteria evaluation of alternatives (stage 5). The methodology was verified by its experimental application for solving the problem of EVCS location in Poznan, Poland. As a result of its application, a set of over 155,000 alternatives was generated in view of different EVCS location determination policies. A family of eight criteria with subcriteria was proposed to assess the solutions, including the evaluation of the degree of integration of the considered EVCSs with such issues as public transport (C1); urbanized areas (C2); main road network (C3); industrial areas (C4); and the location with respect to transport areas (C5), shops of various types (C6), address points (C7) and DYI stores (C8). Based on the selected method of multiple criteria decision aid (LBS), a solution was selected that constitutes a compromise design of the EVCS network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in the Development of Electric Vehicle)
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Article
Technology Development and Spatial Diffusion of Auxiliary Power Sources in Trolleybuses in European Countries
Energies 2021, 14(11), 3040; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113040 - 24 May 2021
Viewed by 392
Abstract
Trolleybus transport is one of the classic means of public transport in cities. Its popularity varied in the past and was largely related to the fuel market situation. As fuel prices fell, electricity-powered transport lost popularity. The situation was similar during fuel crises. [...] Read more.
Trolleybus transport is one of the classic means of public transport in cities. Its popularity varied in the past and was largely related to the fuel market situation. As fuel prices fell, electricity-powered transport lost popularity. The situation was similar during fuel crises. Trolleybuses gained in popularity then. Nowadays, the development of alternative power sources (APS) technology makes trolleybus transport partially independent of the overhead contact system, which is its great advantage. It is thus possible to develop trolleybus connections in areas where there is no justification for building overhead wiring infrastructure. The article analyses the development of on-board APS and their spatial diffusion in trolleybus systems in Europe. The main result of the research procedure indicates that the development of battery technologies, which could accelerate the closure of trolleybus transport due to the strong competition of electric buses not requiring an overhead contact line, allows for the dynamic development of this branch of transport. The situation in 71 trolleybus systems in Central and Western Europe which had any experience in the use of APS in 2011–2021 was examined. As a result of the analysis, the dynamics of APS diffusion were determined, in particular, a significant increase in the number of trolleybus systems using on-board batteries from 7 in 2011 to 44 in 2021. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in the Development of Electric Vehicle)
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Article
Possibilities for Developing Electromobility by Using Autonomously Powered Trolleybuses Based on the Example of Gdynia
Energies 2021, 14(10), 2971; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102971 - 20 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 492
Abstract
Trolleybus transport refers to contemporary challenges related to a reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases and CO2 into the atmosphere formulated by international institutions, such as the United Nations, the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, or the European Union. Departure [...] Read more.
Trolleybus transport refers to contemporary challenges related to a reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases and CO2 into the atmosphere formulated by international institutions, such as the United Nations, the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, or the European Union. Departure from fossil fuels in urban transport is one of the key challenges for the coming years. Trolleybuses are an important tool in this task, even though their importance was declining in the past. Nowadays, due to, among others, technological development, in particular the availability of high-capacity batteries, their long life and low weight, trolleybus transport is becoming popular again. The use of the existing overhead contact infrastructure of the trolleybus network and small on-board batteries allow expanding the spatial accessibility of zero-emission public transport. Thus, this reduces the social differentiation in access to environmentally friendly transport that does not emit pollutants at the place of operation. The article presents possibilities of using on-board batteries in shaping trolleybus connections with the optimal use of the existing overhead contact lines (OHL). It presents a procedure that allows for the evaluation of the extent to which the OHL should cover the routes of bus lines in order to qualify for trolleybus service in the In-Motion-Charging (IMC) technology. Analysis of the literature shows inadequate scientific studies on combining the advantages of overhead wiring and the development of on-board battery technology in popularising zero-emission transport. This article addresses the key issues related to the use of partially autonomous trolleybuses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in the Development of Electric Vehicle)
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Article
Is It Possible to Develop Electromobility in Urban Passenger Shipping in Post-Communist Countries? Evidence from Gdańsk, Poland
Energies 2020, 13(23), 6362; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236362 - 02 Dec 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 548
Abstract
Reducing emissions of pollutants from transport is clearly one of the main challenges of the constantly developing world. Because the environmental impact of different means of transport is significant, it is necessary to cut down on fossil fuels and turn to more eco-friendly [...] Read more.
Reducing emissions of pollutants from transport is clearly one of the main challenges of the constantly developing world. Because the environmental impact of different means of transport is significant, it is necessary to cut down on fossil fuels and turn to more eco-friendly solutions, e.g., electric vehicles. Almost all European countries are now adapting their transport policies to this new paradigm. Nonetheless, due to large economic disparities, these processes are currently at different levels of implementation in Western and Eastern Europe. The main focus is on private electric cars and more traditional means of transport, rather than water trams. This article presents possible means of developing water tram lines in Gdańsk served by hybrid or full-electric vehicles. The analysis presented herein reflects the multidimensional nature of the issue. The article provides data on the socio-economic situation in the city, technical issues related to the implementation of such tram lines, and the possible consequences of introducing a new means of transportation into the existing system. A key part of the analysis is the identification of anticipated economic and environmental consequences of introducing both hybrid and full-electric vehicles into the system. A comprehensive socio-economic and technical-environmental analysis of the possibilities of developing urban electromobility in the form of urban passenger shipping in post-communist countries, such as that presented in this paper, has not been previously published. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in the Development of Electric Vehicle)
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Article
Lessons from Implementing a Metropolitan Electric Bike Sharing System
Energies 2020, 13(23), 6240; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236240 - 26 Nov 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 848
Abstract
Electrically assisted bicycles are anticipated to become an effective tool to limit not only the use of cars in cities but also their negative impact on health, the environment, and passenger transportation in cities. In this paper, we examine the effects of implementing [...] Read more.
Electrically assisted bicycles are anticipated to become an effective tool to limit not only the use of cars in cities but also their negative impact on health, the environment, and passenger transportation in cities. In this paper, we examine the effects of implementing the first fully electric bike (e-bike) sharing system in the Metropolitan Area of Gdańsk–Gdynia–Sopot in Northern Poland, where no other bike sharing system had been introduced before. The aims of this article were to determine the impact of the new e-bike sharing system on the modal choice of citizens, identify barriers to its usage, and find differences between the usage of the system in the core of the metropolitan area and in the suburbs. We used two primary data sets: the survey data collected using the computer-assisted personal interviewing technique (CAPI technique) and the data automatically acquired from the website that monitored the system activities. We performed the analysis by using nonparametric tests and correspondence analysis. We found no evidence suggesting that e-bike sharing can replace large number of private car trips, but we found it likely to be competitive to carsharing, moped, and taxi services. E-bike sharing competes also with public transportation services, but it is also used as the first/last mile of the transportation supplementing public transport system. The major barrier to using this system in central cities of the metropolitan area was the lack of available public bikes, and possession of private bicycles, whereas for residents of the suburbs, the obstacles were the need to transport children, the high price of the bicycle rental/subscription, and the long distance to the docking stations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in the Development of Electric Vehicle)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Social, spatial and economic context of electromobility development and difussion in public transport: an evolutionary approach
Authors: Łukasz Fiedeń, Robert Guzik, Krzysztof Gwosdz, Katarzyna Hetmańczyk, Arkadiusz Kołoś, Jakub Łodziński, Jakub Taczanowski
Affiliation: Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
Abstract: Development of low or zero emission urban public transportation (UPT) is one of key challenges on the way to achieve the 2015 Paris Agreement target and to move towards sustainable mobility. This paper aims to examine the development of electromobility in UPT in Polish cities and to study factors influencing them. The study draws on author’s own database of all 242 UPT systems in Poland combined with public statistics on cities and urban areas. Our analysis show that cities which are electromobility innovators and leaders substantially differ from other cities by being more populous, more prosperous, economically vital and with better educated and more entrepreneurial citizens. The influence of proximity and links with other cities as factor influencing the diffusion of electromobility innovation is indicated. Also the issues discussed concern also the institutional context as well as influence of external funds (UE structural funds) and incentives playing an important role.

Title: The impact of transport policy and technological changes on the increase in spatial accessibility to trolleybus transport on the example of Lublin (Poland)
Authors: Sławomir Goliszek (1), Marcin Połom (2)
Affiliation: (1) Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland (2) Department of Regional Development, Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland
Abstract: In transport research, transport exclusion is a common focus. Usually, this phenomenon is defined as an area with difficult or no public transport connections. The article deals with a similar issue, but on the city scale in terms of transport exclusion understood as the lack of public electric transport connections. The development of electromobility in public transport is currently a common issue, but so far it has not been considered in terms of fairness in access to this type of connections. Climate change is leading to inevitable changes in public transport. Transport transformation activities are underway in most developed and developing countries. In public transport, this is about replacing diesel buses with other vehicles that are less harmful to the environment and have a less negative impact on climate change. The share of hybrid, gas, electric and hydrogen buses is increasing. The importance of trolleybuses equipped with on-board batteries is also growing. The article analyzes, using the example of the trolleybus transport system in Lublin in Poland, how sustainable development and shaping communication connections using this type of vehicles can contribute to reducing the exclusion in access to environmentally friendly public transport. The existing trolleybus traction infrastructure combined with the modern technology of on-board batteries allows for a more flexible connection than in the case of replacing diesel buses with electric buses.

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