Analysis of Fire Hazards Associated with the Operation of Electric Vehicles in Enclosed Structures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Market Situation and Forecast of Electric Vehicles
3. Electric Vehicle Fire Incidents
4. Lithium Ion Batteries
4.1. Basics, Principle of Work
4.2. Safety of Operation and Fire Risk
- Thermal abuse: Li-ion cells demonstrate their best performance at temperatures between 20 and 30 °C [51]. With the global expansion of passenger electric cars equipped with Li-ion cells, it is not possible to guarantee operation in this temperature range without appropriate systems to help maintain proper operating temperatures. In the states of California or Arizona, air temperatures above 40 °C are not uncommon during the summer months, while in the northern parts of Norway or Sweden, temperatures below −10 °C prevail during the winter [74]. Sustained high temperatures can lead to undesirable chemical reactions whereby the battery can overheat [70,75]. Then, if the heat is not properly dissipated, the phenomenon of “thermal runaway” can occur, an uncontrolled temperature rise leading to cell ignition [70]. If the temperature acting on the cell is too low, the internal resistance increases significantly, which can contribute to an additional thermal effect that increases the likelihood of fire [70,76].
- Electrical overloading: mass-produced electric cars equipped with Li-ion cells are required to be rechargeable as quickly as possible and to have a high level of driving dynamics, all of which negatively affect the safe operation of the vehicle and increase the probability of spontaneous combustion of the cell as a result of too intensive charging or discharging of the cell. In such cases, the Joule effect generating additional heat and unwanted chemical reactions can occur which can lead to an internal short circuit. [77,78]. It is often pointed out that EV fires can be caused by improper servicing, improper manufacturing procedures or inadequate electronic safety and cell condition monitoring systems [79].
- Mechanical damage: another group of risks associated with the operation of LI-ion cells is damage caused by mechanical actions on the battery. The cells themselves, without special protection, are susceptible to mechanical damage, which is why special covers have been used in electric BEVs since the beginning of production to protect the cells against the effects of collisions. Most data show that minor collisions are harmless for the cells [80]; however, in the case of accidents involving vehicles moving at excessive speeds, the risk of a Li-ion battery fire significantly increases and seems to be unavoidable in the case of road incidents at very high speeds [81,82,83]. The tendency of individual LIBs to initiate TR mechanically is the subject of specific risk assessment tests, i.e., SAE J2464, SAEJ2929, ISO 12405-1, ISO12405-2, ISO 12405-3, SEC 62660-1, SEC 62660-2, SEC62660-3, UL 2580, KMVSS Article18-3, AIS-048, GB38031 [84].
5. Characteristics of Electric Car Heat Release Rate (HRR) Fires
6. Extinguishing an Electric Car Fire
7. Fire Hazard of Electric Cars in Buildings
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Passenger Electric Car | Minimum Capacity of Li-Ion Battery [kWh] | Average Li-Ion Battery Capacity [kWh] | Maximum Battery Capacity Li-Ion [kWh] |
---|---|---|---|
HEV | 0.9 (1) | 1.4 (2) | 1.6 (3) |
PHEV | 8.9 (4) | 13.8 (5) | 42.2 (6) |
BEV | 32.6 (7) | 82 (8) | 200 (9) |
Cell Type | LCO | LMO | LFP | NMC | NCA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
life cycle length | ++ (3) | + (4) | +++ (2) | ++ (1) | ++ (1) |
safety | + (4) | +++ (2) | ++++ (1) | +++ (2) | ++ (3) |
energy density | +++ (2) | + (4) | + (4) | +++ (2) | +++ (2) |
cost | +++ (2) | ++ (3) | +++ (2) | ++ (3) | ++ (3) |
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Dorsz, A.; Lewandowski, M. Analysis of Fire Hazards Associated with the Operation of Electric Vehicles in Enclosed Structures. Energies 2022, 15, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010011
Dorsz A, Lewandowski M. Analysis of Fire Hazards Associated with the Operation of Electric Vehicles in Enclosed Structures. Energies. 2022; 15(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010011
Chicago/Turabian StyleDorsz, Adam, and Mirosław Lewandowski. 2022. "Analysis of Fire Hazards Associated with the Operation of Electric Vehicles in Enclosed Structures" Energies 15, no. 1: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010011
APA StyleDorsz, A., & Lewandowski, M. (2022). Analysis of Fire Hazards Associated with the Operation of Electric Vehicles in Enclosed Structures. Energies, 15(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010011