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Grid-Following and Grid-Forming

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 July 2026 | Viewed by 507

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
School of Electrical and Power Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
Interests: renewable power generation; hybrid control strategy; artificial intelligence in fault diagnosis; grid stability analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

These days, the sustainable energy industry is booming, with an increasing proportion of sources of sustainable energy connected to power grids worldwide. Sustainable energy, however, has low inertia characteristics and cannot provide effective inertia support in the event of power system faults and frequency disturbances. As the proportion of thermal power in power grids decreases, the stability problem of the power system becomes more and more prominent.

The integration of a hybrid energy integration mode serves as a core pillar for the grid connection of high-proportion clean energy and the transformation of the energy system, with its necessity reflected in multi-dimensional technical adaptation and development needs. Grid-forming technology, by virtue of its ability to independently maintain voltage and frequency and provide inertia support, can effectively compensate for the regulation gap left by the withdrawal of traditional synchronous units and avoid the risk of grid instability. Meanwhile, the hybrid integration mode, through integrating wind–solar–storage systems, multi-energy complementary systems and flexible load resources, can realize the complementary advantages of different energy forms—it not only mitigates the output fluctuation of a single renewable energy source but also enhances the continuity and predictability of energy supply, addressing the issue of curtailment of wind and solar power.

This Special Issue focuses on the key technologies of grid-connected sustainable energy, encourages the exchange of various knowledge and technologies about the structure and control strategies of sustainable energy systems, and aims to improve the overall inertia performance of these new energy-grid-connected systems and the stability of the fault conditions, as well as guarantee the safe and stable operation of new power systems.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • hybrid operation of sustainable energy integration;
  • grid-forming control of sustainable energy integration;
  • inertia support of sustainable energy integration;
  • stability analysis of the sustainable energy integration;
  • fault diagnosis of the sustainable energy equipment;
  • advanced control algorithm for sustainable energy integration;
  • distribution and scheduling of sustainable energy;
  • artificial intelligence applications for sustainable energy integration;
  • accurate power prediction of sustainable energy;
  • power quality of sustainable energy integration;
  • transmission topology of sustainable energy integration.

Prof. Dr. Ying Zhu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • sustainable energy integration
  • hybrid control
  • inertia support
  • stability analysis
  • fault diagnosis
  • power distribution and scheduling
  • power prediction
  • artificial intelligence
  • advanced algorithm
  • transmission topology

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

25 pages, 1956 KB  
Article
Evaluation Method of Power Quality Improvement Effect of Charging Station Based on Relative Entropy Distance Fusion Weight and Dynamic Ideal Solution VIKOR Algorithm
by Shuaiqi Xu, Fei Zeng, Huiyu Miao and Ying Zhu
Energies 2026, 19(10), 2304; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19102304 - 11 May 2026
Viewed by 334
Abstract
To address the power quality deterioration caused by the large-scale integration of grid-following (GFL) electric vehicle charging stations, this paper proposes a comprehensive assessment method based on relative entropy distance fusion weighting and a dynamic ideal solution VIKOR algorithm. First, a multi-dimensional power [...] Read more.
To address the power quality deterioration caused by the large-scale integration of grid-following (GFL) electric vehicle charging stations, this paper proposes a comprehensive assessment method based on relative entropy distance fusion weighting and a dynamic ideal solution VIKOR algorithm. First, a multi-dimensional power quality evaluation system is constructed, focusing on key indicators such as voltage deviation, frequency deviation, three-phase imbalance, and harmonic distortion, to accommodate the operational characteristics of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) under grid-following and grid-forming (GFM) interaction scenarios. Building on this, the three-scale analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is employed to determine subjective weights, while the divergence-maximized entropy weight method is used to derive objective weights. The relative entropy distance model is then applied to achieve adaptive fusion of subjective and objective weights, resulting in an optimal combined weighting. Subsequently, a dynamic ideal solution mechanism is introduced into the VIKOR algorithm, where the range of the ideal solution is adjusted based on the indicator weights to enhance the discrimination of key indicators. By comprehensively calculating the group utility value, individual regret value, and compromise evaluation index, accurate ranking and performance assessment of different mitigation schemes are achieved. Using measured data from a vehicle-grid interaction demonstration base for analysis, the results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively quantify the actual effects of various mitigation schemes, providing decision-making support for power grid safety and stability under high penetration of renewable energy and converter-interfaced generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-Following and Grid-Forming)
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