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Energies
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Vehicle Engines and Powertrains: Performance, Combustion and Emission
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Vehicle Engines and Powertrains: Performance, Combustion and Emission

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2024 | Viewed by 2804

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Roberto Finesso

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
Interests: internal combustion engines; hybrid powertrains; combustion and emission formation modeling and control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Omar Marello

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
Interests: internal combustion engines; combustion and emission formation modeling and control; MiL, HiL and rapid prototyping; LCA analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The increasingly stringent regulations in terms of pollutant emissions and CO2 emission targets are pushing companies in the automotive sector to investigate innovative technological solutions for engines and powertrains, which include powertrain electrification, innovative air-path and fuel-path control, innovative combustion concepts, advanced aftertreatment systems, sensor-based and model-based control of the combustion and emission formation processes, alternative fuels, techniques for the optimization of the powertrain energy fluxes and their integration with the emerging vehicle-to-everything (V2X) systems, as well as by means of artificial intelligence.

Taking into account this scenario, this Special Issue aims to encourage both academic and industrial researchers to present their latest findings concerning the previously mentioned aspects, which can lead to a significant contribution towards the achievement of green and sustainable mobility.

The authors should provide a comprehensive and scientifically sound overview of the most recent research and methodological approaches. Both experimental and methodological contributions are welcome.

Dr. Roberto Finesso
Dr. Omar Marello
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • internal combustion engines
  • powertrain electrification
  • powertrain and engine optimization
  • powertrain and engine modeling and control
  • emission formation modeling and control
  • air-path and fuel-path control
  • innovative combustion concepts
  • advanced aftertreatment systems
  • alternative fuels
  • artificial intelligence systems
  • model-in-the-loop (MiL), hardware-in-the-loop (HiL), rapid prototyping (RP)
  • energy management optimization algorithms

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 12024 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study on Prediction of Icing Phenomena in Fresh Air and Blow-by Gas Mixing Region of Diesel Engine under High Velocity of Intake Air Condition
by Wonjun Yoon, Jeong-Won Lee and Jungsoo Park
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1707; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071707 - 03 Apr 2024
Viewed by 387
Abstract
The icing of an intake pipe that might happen in an actual vehicle was numerically predicted in this study. For various operating conditions, the amount of icing was estimated, and the variables influencing the amount of icing were identified. We compared the factors [...] Read more.
The icing of an intake pipe that might happen in an actual vehicle was numerically predicted in this study. For various operating conditions, the amount of icing was estimated, and the variables influencing the amount of icing were identified. We compared the factors that affected icing: relative humidity, air temperature, and inlet velocity. Seven RPM and load conditions, an intake temperature range of 253–268 K, and a relative humidity range of 65–85% were used for the case studies. To verify the model accuracy, wind tunnel test results from chassis dynometer tests were compared to the data from simulations. The flow analysis was performed using the numerical analytical tool ANSYS Fluent (2019 R1), while the amount of condensed water and icing was predicted using FENSAP-ICE, a program that analyzes and predicts icing phenomena under mechanical systems. The ambient temperature, relative humidity, and inlet air velocity had the biggest effects on the icing rate. The total amount of icing increased for similar BB and input air velocities. When the input air and BB velocities are the same, the variables influencing icing are the ambient temperature and relative humidity. The amount of ice was less affected by outside temperature and relative humidity when the rpm was high, and the inlet air velocity also had an impact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Engines and Powertrains: Performance, Combustion and Emission)
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27 pages, 9936 KiB  
Article
Development of a Volkswagen Jetta MK5 Hybrid Vehicle for Optimized System Efficiency Based on a Genetic Algorithm
by Husam A. Neamah, Mohammed Dulaimi, Alaa Silavinia, Aminu Babangida and Péter Tamás Szemes
Energies 2024, 17(5), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051116 - 26 Feb 2024
Viewed by 617
Abstract
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have emerged as a trendy technology for reducing over-dependence on fossil fuels and a global concern of gas emissions across transportation networks. This research aims to design the hybridized drivetrain of a Volkswagen (VW) Jetta MK5 vehicle on the [...] Read more.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have emerged as a trendy technology for reducing over-dependence on fossil fuels and a global concern of gas emissions across transportation networks. This research aims to design the hybridized drivetrain of a Volkswagen (VW) Jetta MK5 vehicle on the basis of its mathematical background description and a computer-aided simulation (MATLAB/Simulink/Simscape, MATLAB R2023b). The conventional car operates through a five-speed manual gearbox, and a 2.0 TDI internal combustion engine (ICE) is first assessed. A comparative study evaluates the optimal fuel economy between the conventional and the hybrid versions based on a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, whose optimal set-point is predicted and computed by a genetic algorithm (GA). For realistic hybridization, this research integrated a Parker electric motor and the diesel engine of a VW Crafter hybrid vehicle from the faculty of engineering to reduce fuel consumption and optimize the system performance of the proposed car. Moreover, a VCDS measurement unit is developed to collect vehicle data based on real-world driving scenarios. The simulation results are compared with experimental data to validate the model’s accuracy. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed energy management strategy (EMS), with an approximately 89.46% reduction in fuel consumption for the hybrid powertrain compared to the gas-powered traditional vehicle, and 90.05% energy efficiency is achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Engines and Powertrains: Performance, Combustion and Emission)
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29 pages, 6413 KiB  
Article
Model-Based Calibration and Control of Tailpipe Nitrogen Oxide Emissions in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine and Its Assessment through Model-In-The-Loop
by Stefano d’Ambrosio, Cosimo Di Dio and Roberto Finesso
Energies 2023, 16(24), 8030; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16248030 - 12 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 767
Abstract
The present paper investigates two different strategies for model-based calibration and control of tailpipe nitrogen oxide emissions in a light-duty 3.0 L diesel engine equipped with an aftertreatment system (ATS). The latter includes a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), a diesel particulate filter (DPF), [...] Read more.
The present paper investigates two different strategies for model-based calibration and control of tailpipe nitrogen oxide emissions in a light-duty 3.0 L diesel engine equipped with an aftertreatment system (ATS). The latter includes a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), a diesel particulate filter (DPF), and an underfloor selective catalytic reduction (SCR) device, in which the injection of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), marketed as ‘AdBlue’, is also taken into account. The engine was modeled in the GT-SUITE environment, and a previously developed model-based combustion controller was integrated in the model, which is capable of adjusting the start of injection of the main pulse and the total injected fuel mass, in order to achieve desired targets of engine-out nitrogen oxide emissions (NOx) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). First, a model-based calibration strategy consisting of the minimization of an objective function that takes into account fuel consumption and AdBlue injection was developed and assessed by exploring different weight factors. Then, a direct model-based controller of tailpipe nitrogen oxide emissions was designed, which exploits the real-time value of the SCR efficiency to define engine-out NOx emission targets for the combustion controller. Both strategies exploit the model-based combustion controller and were tested through a Model-in-the-Loop (MiL) under steady-state and transient conditions. The advantages in terms of tailpipe NOx emissions, fuel consumption, and AdBlue injection were finally discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Engines and Powertrains: Performance, Combustion and Emission)
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22 pages, 10982 KiB  
Article
Numerical Prediction on In-Cylinder Mixture Formation and Combustion Characteristics for SIDI Engine Fueled with Hydrogen: Effect of Injection Angle and Equivalence Ratio
by Sehyun Oh and Jungsoo Park
Energies 2023, 16(22), 7509; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16227509 - 09 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 604
Abstract
Although their ease of transport, storage, and use makes hydrocarbon fuels dominant in commercial energy systems, the emission of harmful gases, including greenhouse gases, is a fatal disadvantage. Despite ongoing research to improve thermal efficiency and reduce the emissions of internal combustion engines [...] Read more.
Although their ease of transport, storage, and use makes hydrocarbon fuels dominant in commercial energy systems, the emission of harmful gases, including greenhouse gases, is a fatal disadvantage. Despite ongoing research to improve thermal efficiency and reduce the emissions of internal combustion engines using conventional hydrocarbon fuels, achieving net-zero carbon requires decarbonizing fuels rather than reducing the use of internal combustion engines. Hence, transitioning away from hydrocarbon fuels and evolving internal combustion engines into clean engines using carbon-free fuels, such as hydrogen, is necessary. This study designs a 2.0 L research engine and numerically analyzes its combustion characteristics and spray behavior by varying the spray angle and equivalence ratio. When comparing the turbulence kinetic energy at a 45-degree spray angle with that at 30 degrees and 60 degrees, on average, there was a difference of approximately 37.54 m2/s2 and 26.21 m2/s2, respectively. However, misfires occur in the lean condition. Although hydrogen has a wide flammability range, poor mixture formation under lean conditions can result in misfires. The 60-degree spray angle resulted in the highest combustion temperatures and pressures for all equivalence ratio conditions, consequently leading to the highest emissions of nitrogen oxides. Specifically, at a lambda value of 2.5, the 60-degree spray angle emitted approximately 29 ppm, 0 ppm, and 161 ppm of nitrogen oxides for each respective spray angle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Engines and Powertrains: Performance, Combustion and Emission)
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