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Energy Efficiency and Energy Performance in Buildings

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "G: Energy and Buildings".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 April 2025) | Viewed by 9074

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Moncef Krarti

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Guest Editor

Building Systems Program, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Interests: building energy efficiency; building-integrated renewable energy systems; optimal design and control strategies; smart building energy systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In order to achieve carbon-neutral economies, it is crucial to improve the energy efficiency performance of the built environment, as well as integrated on-site power generation from renewable energy sources. The deployment of innovative materials and technologies is crucial in order to make buildings more energy-efficient, resilient, and adaptable to our ever-changing climate. In addition, optimal design and control strategies, as well as advanced modeling approaches, are needed in order to maximize the energy performance of both new and existing buildings, especially under extreme weather conditions.

This Special Issue aims to present and disseminate the most recent advances related to the design, retrofit, modelling, control, and energy assessment of building systems.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

Optimal design and retrofit strategies of carbon-neutral buildings;
Innovative materials suitable for energy-efficient buildings;
Highly efficient systems for heating and cooling buildings;
Smart and dynamic systems to enhane energy-efficient buildings;
Modular construction and retrofit techniques of energy-efficient builings;
Building systems that can integrate on-site power generation from renewable energy sources;
Advanced modeling and analysis approaches for building energy systems;
Measurement and monitoring techniques for the energy assessment of buildings;
Cost–benefit analysis techniques for designing and retrofiting building energy systems.

Prof. Dr. Moncef Krarti
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

energy efficiency
optimal designs
optimal control strategies
new and existing buildings
retrofit technologies

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 33328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Saving Renovation of Existing Buildings: Balancing Thermal Performance and Visual Performance—A Case Study of a University Sports Training Annex in Guangzhou

by Fengdeng Wan, Huazhao Li, Ziqiao Li, Li Li and Xiaomiao Xiao

Energies 2025, 18(9), 2186; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092186 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Viewed by 235

Abstract

Energy conservation renovation of existing buildings is a crucial aspect of sustainable energy development. This study examines the annex of a university sports training building in Guangzhou, highlighting the conflict between maintaining landscape visibility and mitigating excessive solar radiation and thermal conditions following renovation without external shading. Specifically, the analysis focuses on scenarios where the building’s primary orientation aligns with the region’s unfavorable solar orientation. To address this challenge, five facade optimization strategies are proposed, four of which incorporate external shading solutions: horizontal shading, vertical baffle shading, inclined baffle shading, and a comprehensive shading system. Performance simulations were conducted using Ladybug and Honeybee tools within the Grasshopper platform to evaluate the multi-objective optimization of the building’s thermal and visual performance under energy conservation constraints. The findings demonstrate that an integrated shading system significantly influences both building energy consumption and thermal performance. Notably, the 46° inclined baffle shading scheme proves particularly effective in the Guangzhou context, successfully reducing solar radiation, improving indoor lighting quality, and lowering energy consumption, while minimizing visual obstruction. These results provide valuable insights for developing energy-efficient renovation strategies for similar buildings in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Energy Performance in Buildings)

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18 pages, 1263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Efficiency in Buildings: Smart Glass Technology Evaluation and Selection Model

by Nguyen Van Thanh, Nattaporn Chattham, Apichart Pattanaporkratana, Chawalit Jeenanunta and Vannak Seng

Energies 2025, 18(7), 1798; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071798 - 3 Apr 2025

Viewed by 443

Abstract

In the context of the architecture and construction industries implementing environmentally friendly sustainable solutions, smart glass is also designed using sustainable materials and sustainable operations, contributing to environmental protection efforts. The application of smart glass in large buildings optimizes the buildings’ operation, helping to reduce reliance on air conditioners that consume large amounts of electricity and emit significant amounts of CO₂ into the environment. Additionally, smart glass enhances energy-saving efficiency by intelligently regulating the indoor temperature and natural lighting, thereby reducing overall energy consumption and operational costs. In this study, the authors propose a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model to evaluate and select optimal sustainable smart glass technology based on technical, environmental, economic, and social criteria. The model integrates the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) to calculate the weights of the criteria and the Interactive and Multi-criteria Decision-Making in Portuguese Model (TODIM) to rank different smart glass technology alternatives. The findings highlight the most suitable smart glass technology, offering significant benefits in reducing energy consumption while ensuring aesthetic appeal and durability. This study provides a comprehensive approach to integrating sustainability into smart glass design, contributing to the development of green and energy-efficient buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Energy Performance in Buildings)

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33 pages, 9705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Energy Efficiency and Cost of Low-Income Housing Based on BIM Considering Material Properties and Energy Modeling in a Tropical Climate

by Vicente Macas-Espinosa, Israel Portilla-Sanchez, David Gomez, Ruben Hidalgo-Leon, Julio Barzola-Monteses and Guillermo Soriano

Energies 2025, 18(6), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061500 - 18 Mar 2025

Viewed by 361

Abstract

This work analyzes the potential impact of thirteen passive and active factors on a low-income housing (LIH) model in a tropical climate. For this purpose, a study of material properties and energy modeling using Building Information Modelling (BIM) is carried out, which helps to evaluate these factors’ energetic and economic implications. Two significant assessments are highlighted, namely active and passive factor analysis and dominant factor analysis. The research studied the architectural design of a one-story house measuring thirty-six square meters outlined by the Ecuadorian Construction Standard (NEC) chapter 15 part 4. A 3D architectural model was generated using Revit 2024 simulation software and subsequently employed to establish an energy model used in Autodesk Insight Software 2024 to assess the factors influencing energy consumption and annual energy expenses. The analysis included a comparison with a model of the house based on the ASHRAE 90.2 standard. The active and passive factors were ranked according to their impact on energy efficiency in the model. The results show that Energy Use Intensity (EUI) has a higher reduction for the ASHRAE model of 4.63%, with 21.60% for the Energy cost. The active factors exhibited a greater impact on the energy performance of the LIH than the passive factors, with the PV-Surface coverage being the factor that generated the highest EUI reduction, with 39.66% and 78.51% for both models. The study concluded by emphasizing the importance of adopting active strategies to achieve energy efficiency and economical house design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Energy Performance in Buildings)

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33 pages, 537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Powering Down Hospitality Through a Policy-Driven, Case-Based and Scenario Approach

by Angeliki N. Menegaki

Energies 2025, 18(2), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020328 - 13 Jan 2025

Viewed by 842

Abstract

The hospitality sector is a substantial energy consumer, driven by the demands of heating, cooling, lighting and guest amenities. This study explores energy consumption patterns across different hotel types, highlighting luxury hotels’ higher usage compared to mid-range and budget establishments. Key energy drivers include HVAC systems, lighting and hot water. Legislative frameworks, such as the Paris Agreement, the Sustainable Development Goals and European Union directives, set ambitious energy efficiency and emissions targets for the sector. Through case studies on Marriott, Hilton and Hotel Verde, the study demonstrates effective energy-saving practices, including LED lighting, smart HVAC systems and renewable energy integration, which can reduce energy use by 10–20%. The findings show the dual benefits of these measures, which enhance environmental sustainability and reduce operational costs. By adopting these practices, hotels can align with evolving regulatory standards and cater to the growing demand for eco-friendly accommodations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Energy Performance in Buildings)

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24 pages, 2956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Heat Pump Control in an NZEB via Model Predictive Control and Building Simulation

by Christian Baumann, Philipp Wohlgenannt, Wolfgang Streicher and Peter Kepplinger

Energies 2025, 18(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010100 - 30 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 810

Abstract

EU regulations get stricter from 2028 on by imposing net-zero energy building (NZEB) standards on new residential buildings including on-site renewable energy integration. Heat pumps (HP) using thermal building mass, and Model Predictive Control (MPC) provide a viable solution to this problem. However, the MPC potential in NZEBs considering the impact on indoor comfort have not yet been investigated comprehensively. Therefore, we present a co-simulative approach combining MPC optimization and IDA ICE building simulation. The demand response (DR) potential of a ground-source HP and the long-term indoor comfort in an NZEB located in Vorarlberg, Austria over a one year period are investigated. Optimization is performed using Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) based on a simplified RC model. The HP in the building simulation is controlled by power signals obtained from the optimization. The investigation shows reductions in electricity costs of up to 49% for the HP and up to 5% for the building, as well as increases in PV self-consumption and the self-sufficiency ratio by up to 4% pt., respectively, in two distinct optimization scenarios. Consequently, the grid consumption decreased by up to 5%. Moreover, compared to the reference PI controller, the MPC scenarios enhanced indoor comfort by reducing room temperature fluctuations and lowering the average percentage of people dissatisfied by 1% pt., resulting in more stable indoor conditions. Especially precooling strategies mitigated overheating risks in summer and ensured indoor comfort according to EN 16798-1 class II standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Energy Performance in Buildings)

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43 pages, 10588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Process of Using Power Supply Technical Solutions for Electronic Security Systems Operated in Smart Buildings: Modelling, Simulation and Reliability Analysis

by Michał Wiśnios, Michał Mazur, Sebastian Tatko, Jacek Paś, Adam Rosiński, Jarosław Mateusz Łukasiak, Wiktor Koralewski and Janusz Dyduch

Energies 2024, 17(24), 6453; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246453 - 21 Dec 2024

Viewed by 808

Abstract

This article presents selected issues related to the reliability of the power supply for electronic security systems (ESSs) used in smart buildings (SBs). ESSs operate in diverse environmental conditions and are responsible for the safety of lives, property and the natural environment of SB users. The operational tasks of ESSs in SBs require a continuous power supply from various sources, including renewable energy sources. The authors conducted an analysis of the power supply for selected ESSs used in SBs, which enabled the development of a power supply model. For the proposed model, the authors designed a proprietary graph of the ESS operational process, taking into account power supply implementation. Considering the operational indicators for the analysed ESSs, such as repair and failure rates, a computer simulation was performed. The simulation allowed the determination of the reliability of the ESS power supply within the considered redundancy configuration of additional energy sources, which can be utilised during the design phase. The reliability analysis of the power supply and the determination of rational parameters conducted in the article are crucial for achieving all the functionalities of ESSs in SBs, as envisioned during the design process. The article is divided into six chapters, structured to address the topics sequentially: an introduction to the state of the issue, a critical literature review, an analysis of the power supply for selected ESSs, implementation of renewable energy sources, the development of a proprietary model and operational graph, a computer simulation and conclusions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Energy Performance in Buildings)

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22 pages, 5464 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Advanced Machine Learning Techniques for Energy Consumption Analysis and Optimization at UBC Campus: Correlations with Meteorological Variables

by Amir Shahcheraghian and Adrian Ilinca

Energies 2024, 17(18), 4714; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184714 - 22 Sep 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1680

Abstract

Energy consumption analysis has often faced challenges such as limited model accuracy and inadequate consideration of the complex interactions between energy usage and meteorological data. This study is presented as a solution to these challenges through a detailed analysis of energy consumption across UBC Campus buildings using a variety of machine learning models, including Neural Networks, Decision Trees, Random Forests, Gradient Boosting, AdaBoost, Linear Regression, Ridge Regression, Lasso Regression, Support Vector Regression, and K-Neighbors. The primary objective is to uncover the complex relationships between energy usage and meteorological data, addressing gaps in understanding how these variables impact consumption patterns in different campus buildings by considering factors such as seasons, hours of the day, and weather conditions. Significant interdependencies among electricity usage, hot water power, gas, and steam volume are revealed, highlighting the need for integrated energy management strategies. Strong negative correlations between Vancouver’s temperature and energy consumption metrics are identified, suggesting opportunities for energy savings through temperature-responsive strategies, especially during warmer periods. Among the regression models evaluated, deep neural networks are found to excel in capturing complex patterns and achieve high predictive accuracy. Valuable insights for improving energy efficiency and sustainability practices are offered, aiding informed decision-making for energy resource management in educational campuses and similar urban environments. Applying advanced machine learning techniques underscores the potential of data-driven energy optimization strategies. Future research could investigate causal relationships between energy consumption and external factors, assess the impact of specific operational interventions, and explore integrating renewable energy sources into the campus energy mix. UBC can advance sustainable energy management through these efforts and can serve as a model for other institutions that aim to reduce their environmental impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Energy Performance in Buildings)

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30 pages, 9680 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Evaluation of Exterior Insulated Panels for Residential Deep Energy Retrofits

by Kyle Biega and Moncef Krarti

Energies 2024, 17(16), 3988; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17163988 - 12 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1513

Abstract

This paper provides an analysis of challenges and available solutions for exterior insulated panels suitable for deep energy retrofits of existing building envelopes. The analysis covers a review of available technologies that provide flexible retrofit insulated panels suitable for multiple climates and building typologies. Moreover, the paper proposes a new design for insulated retrofit panels that account for the majority of identified technical risks including cost, architectural diversity, climate variations, structural concerns, moisture resilience, air sealing, and water sealing. Additionally, the proposed design can be easily installed with minimal disruption to the occupants. A series of parametric and optimization analyses is carried out to identify the optimal design specifications for insulated panels suitable for deep retrofits of existing US housing stocks. The analysis results show that the optimal design criteria for the insulated panels can reduce heating and cooling energy consumption by up to 80% and HVAC capacities by 70%. Moreover, the results indicate that these insulated panels are highly cost effective for retrofitting US housing units located in cold climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Energy Performance in Buildings)

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Review

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35 pages, 5370 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review Analysis for the Energy Performance of Integrated Air-Conditioning Systems

by Faisal Alghamdi and Moncef Krarti

Energies 2025, 18(7), 1611; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071611 - 24 Mar 2025

Viewed by 511

Abstract

In response to the significant increase in cooling needs for the built environment due to climate change, hybrid air conditioning units can provide energy efficient alternatives to vapor compression systems. This paper reviews the reported energy performance of integrated air conditioning systems consisting of three types of hybrid options: direct expansion (DX) combined with evaporative cooling, DX with desiccant, and evaporative cooling combined with desiccant. In addition, the reported analyses of integrating these hybrid systems with phase change materials (PCMs) and/or photovoltaic (PV) systems are considered. The evaluated analyses generally confirm that integrated air conditioning systems offer substantial energy saving potential compared to traditional vapor compression cooling units, resulting in substantial economic and environmental benefits. Specifically, hybrid systems can reduce the annual energy consumption for space cooling by 87% compared to traditional air conditioning units. This review analysis indicates that hybrid systems can have a coefficient of performance (COP) ranging from 6 to 16 compared to merely 3 to 5 for conventional systems. Additionally, liquid desiccant cooling systems have reported notable improvements in dehumidification efficiency and energy savings, with payback periods as low as three years. Future work should focus more on real-building applications and on conducting more comprehensive cost–benefit analyses, especially when integrating more than two technologies together. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Energy Performance in Buildings)

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39 pages, 2858 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Thin-Film Technologies for Sustainable Building-Integrated Photovoltaics

by Andrew R. Smith, Mehrdad Ghamari, Sasireka Velusamy and Senthilarasu Sundaram

Energies 2024, 17(24), 6363; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246363 - 18 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1901

Abstract

This study investigates the incorporation of thin-film photovoltaic (TFPV) technologies in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and their contribution to sustainable architecture. The research focuses on three key TFPV materials: amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), examining their composition, efficiency, and BIPV applications. Recent advancements have yielded impressive results, with CdTe and CIGS achieving laboratory efficiencies of 22.10% and 23.35%, respectively. The study also explores the implementation of building energy management systems (BEMS) for optimizing energy use in BIPV-equipped buildings. Financial analysis indicates that despite 10.00–30.00% higher initial costs compared to conventional materials, BIPV systems can generate 50–150 kWh/m² annually, with simple payback periods of 5–15 years. The research emphasizes the role of government incentives and innovative financing in promoting BIPV adoption. As BIPV technology progresses, it offers a promising solution for transforming buildings from energy consumers to producers, significantly contributing to sustainable urban development and climate change mitigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Energy Performance in Buildings)

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