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Advances in Powertrain Design for Greener and Sustainable Non-road Mobile Machineries

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A: Sustainable Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2024) | Viewed by 8752

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Aurelio Somà

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
Interests: machine design; multiphysics FEM modeling; MEMS and microsystems; battery modeling and testing; electric and hybrid vehciles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Francesco Mocera

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
Interests: design of innovative hybrid and electric powertrains for working machines in the agri-construction sector; study of electro-mechanical performance of lithium-ion batteries
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the term Non-Road Mobile Machinery (also known as NRMM) it is usual to address a wide range of off-road vehicles used for work activities in the following areas: construction, agriculture, forestry, handling, rail transports, maritime and waterway navigation, public green maintenance, etc. The need for lower Greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions is driving both the academia and the industry towards new powertrain and vehicle design solutions with the aim of obtaining higher efficiency for the same work tasks. This result can be achieved improving the powertrain layout and components, using alternative fuels with lower environmental impact, or adopting electric systems for full or hybrid electric configurations. Environmental sustainability should become the driving factor for innovative design of new powertrains, with a wider look at all the different phases of the product life cycle. Moreover, diagnostics and predictive maintenance should be considered as essential tools to preserve as much as possible the initial powertrain efficiency during the whole service life.

This Special Issue aims to gather contributions from experts in the field of NRMM devoted to the pursuit of efficiency improvements at powertrain or system level. Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

  • Design, modelling, control and optimization of Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell powertrain systems;
  • Energy management strategies for Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell powertrain systems;
  • Hardware In the Loop testing for Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell powertrain systems;
  • Alternative fuels for internal combustion engines;
  • Design, modelling, control and optimization of power-split and CVT powertrain systems;
  • Design, modelling, control and optimization of hydrostatic, hydraulic and electro-hydraulic powertrain systems;
  • Circular design and environmental impact of innovative vehicle and powertrain components;
  • Diagnostic and predictive maintenance for powertrain efficiency optimization during vehicle service life.

Prof. Dr. Aurelio Somà
Dr. Francesco Mocera
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • non-road mobile machinery
  • hybrid electric vehicle
  • electric vehicle
  • fuel cell vehicle
  • energy management
  • energy efficiency
  • control strategy
  • powertrain design
  • powertrain optimization
  • powertrain modelling
  • alternative powertrains
  • hardware in the loop testing
  • biofuels
  • biogas
  • emissions reduction
  • power-split
  • continuously variable transmission
  • hydrostatic transmissions
  • hydraulic transmission
  • electro-hydraulic
  • predictive maintenance, condition monitoring
  • condition-based maintenance
  • maintenance optimization
  • sustainability
  • circular design life cycle assessment

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 8531 KiB  
Article
Development of a Simulation Model for a New Rotary Engine to Optimize Port Location and Operating Conditions Using GT-POWER
by Young-Jic Kim, Young-Joon Park, Tae-Joon Park and Chang-Eon Lee
Energies 2024, 17(18), 4732; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184732 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1005
Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop a 1D CFD simulation model to identify the optimal design parameters, using GT-POWER prior to the optimization of a new rotary engine derived from a three-lobe gerotor pump (GP3 RTE) based on 3D CFD simulation. [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is to develop a 1D CFD simulation model to identify the optimal design parameters, using GT-POWER prior to the optimization of a new rotary engine derived from a three-lobe gerotor pump (GP3 RTE) based on 3D CFD simulation. The models were compared based on their respective development stages (steps 1–4) to ascertain the impact of each parameter on performance. The step 4 model, which exhibited a similar trend to that observed in the 3D CFD results, was selected for further analysis and validation. The developed model accurately predicted GP3 RTE performance in terms of fuel consumption, indicated power, efficiency, and exhaust gas reticulation (EGR) behavior, approaching the accuracy of the CONVERGE model. Furthermore, the optimal intake/exhaust port locations and operating conditions of the GP3 RTE were derived using the developed step 4 model. The model provided a convenient and powerful tool for obtaining basic information regarding the unique behavior of the GP3 RTE, thereby enabling the optimization of the design parameters without the necessity for time-consuming three-dimensional design modifications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Powertrain Design for Greener and Sustainable Non-road Mobile Machineries)
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22 pages, 11214 KiB  
Article
Research on Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Tractors Based on DP-MPC
by Yifan Zhao, Liyou Xu, Chenhui Zhao, Haigang Xu and Xianghai Yan
Energies 2024, 17(16), 3924; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17163924 - 8 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1125
Abstract
To further improve the fuel economy of hybrid tractors, an energy management strategy based on model predictive control (MPC) solved by dynamic programming (DP) is proposed, taking into account the various typical operating conditions of tractors. A coupled dynamics model was constructed for [...] Read more.
To further improve the fuel economy of hybrid tractors, an energy management strategy based on model predictive control (MPC) solved by dynamic programming (DP) is proposed, taking into account the various typical operating conditions of tractors. A coupled dynamics model was constructed for a series diesel–electric hybrid tractor under three typical working conditions: plowing, rotary tillage, and transportation. Using DP to solve for the globally optimal SOC change trajectory under each operating condition of the tractor as the SOC constraint for MPC, we designed an energy management strategy based on DP-MPC. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test platform was built using components such as Matlab/Simulink, NI-Veristand, PowerCal, HIL test cabinet, and vehicle controller. The designed energy management strategy was then tested using the HIL test platform. The test results show that, compared with the energy management strategy based on power following, the DP-MPC-based energy management strategy reduces fuel consumption by approximately 7.97%, 13.06%, and 11.03%, respectively, under the three operating conditions of plowing, rotary tillage, and transportation. This achieves fuel-saving performances of approximately 91.34%, 94.87%, and 96.69% compared to global dynamic programming. The test results verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. This research can provide an important reference for the design of energy management strategies for hybrid tractors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Powertrain Design for Greener and Sustainable Non-road Mobile Machineries)
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47 pages, 12835 KiB  
Article
Ramping-Up Electro-Fuel Production
by Ralf Peters, Maximilian Decker, Janos Lucian Breuer, Remzi Can Samsun and Detlef Stolten
Energies 2024, 17(8), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081928 - 18 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1605
Abstract
Future transport systems will rely on new electrified drives utilizing batteries and hydrogen-powered fuel cells or combustion engines with sustainable fuels. These systems must complement each other and should not be viewed as competing. Properties such as efficiency, range, as well as transport [...] Read more.
Future transport systems will rely on new electrified drives utilizing batteries and hydrogen-powered fuel cells or combustion engines with sustainable fuels. These systems must complement each other and should not be viewed as competing. Properties such as efficiency, range, as well as transport and storage properties will determine their use cases. This article looks at the usability of liquid electro-fuels in freight transport and analyzes the production capacities that will be necessary through 2050 in Germany. Different scenarios with varying market shares of electro-fuels are considered. A scenario with a focus on fuel cells foresees a quantity of 220 PJ of electro-fuels, i.e., 5.1 million tons, which reduces 80% of carbon dioxide emissions in LDV and HDV transport. A further scenario achieves carbon-neutrality and leads to a demand for nearly 17 million tons of e-fuel, corresponding to 640 PJ. Considering a final production rate of 5.1 million tons of electro-fuels per year leads to maximum investment costs of around EUR 350 million/year in 2036 during the ramp-up phase. The total investment costs for synthesis plants amount to EUR 4.02 billion. A carbon-neutrality scenario requires more than a factor 3 for investment for the production facilities of electro-fuels alone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Powertrain Design for Greener and Sustainable Non-road Mobile Machineries)
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19 pages, 27317 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of a Fuel Cell-Powered Agricultural Tractor
by Valerio Martini, Francesco Mocera and Aurelio Somà
Energies 2022, 15(23), 8818; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238818 - 22 Nov 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2693
Abstract
In recent years, growing awareness about environmental issues is pushing humankind to explore innovative technologies to reduce the anthropogenic sources of pollutants. Among these sources, internal combustion engines in non-road mobile machinery (NRMM), such as agricultural tractors, are one of the most important. [...] Read more.
In recent years, growing awareness about environmental issues is pushing humankind to explore innovative technologies to reduce the anthropogenic sources of pollutants. Among these sources, internal combustion engines in non-road mobile machinery (NRMM), such as agricultural tractors, are one of the most important. The aim of this work is to explore the possibility of replacing the conventional diesel engine with an electric powertrain powered by a hybrid storage system, consisting of a small battery pack and a fuel-cell system. The battery pack (BP) is necessary to help the fuel cell manage sudden peaks in power demands. Numerical models of the conventional powertrain and a fuel-cell tractor were carried out. To compare the two powertrains, work cycles derived from data collected during real operative conditions were exploited and simulated. For the fuel-cell tractor, a control strategy to split the electric power between the battery pack and the fuel cell was explored. The powertrains were compared in terms of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) according to well-to-wheel (WTW) equivalent CO2 emission factors available in the literature. Considering the actual state-of-the-art hydrogen production methods, the simulation results showed that the fuel-cell/battery powertrain was able to accomplish the tasks with a reduction of about 50% of the equivalent CO2 emissions compared to traditional diesel-powered vehicles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Powertrain Design for Greener and Sustainable Non-road Mobile Machineries)
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Review

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19 pages, 4167 KiB  
Review
Modifying Injection Equipment Components for Their Adaptation to Work with Greener Hydrogen-Containing Fuels for Non-Road Vehicle Engines
by Alexander I. Balitskii, Tomasz K. Osipowicz, Karol F. Abramek, Jacek J. Eliasz and Małgorzata Mrozik
Energies 2024, 17(13), 3262; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133262 - 3 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1133
Abstract
This article presents the authors’ considerations regarding the possibilities of developing fuel equipment for modern compression ignition engines used in special and non-road vehicles. The paper discusses the process of fuel combustion and atomization in the chamber of a piston combustion engine. The [...] Read more.
This article presents the authors’ considerations regarding the possibilities of developing fuel equipment for modern compression ignition engines used in special and non-road vehicles. The paper discusses the process of fuel combustion and atomization in the chamber of a piston combustion engine. The paper then presents the concept of modifying the atomizer of a modern fuel injector for operation using hydrogen-containing fuels of plant origin. The authors present a review of tests performed using an engine dynamometer on a modern engine with a Common Rail system running on biofuel. The CI engine operated with standard and modified fuel injectors. During the tests, the external ecological characteristics of the engine were analyzed as a function of rotational speed; the values of injection doses at individual rotational speeds and their effects on the characteristics were read from the current parameters, and the pressure and temperature in the engine’s combustion chamber were measured. The research results show that implementing the changes proposed by the authors of this work is a good direction for the development of compression ignition engines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Powertrain Design for Greener and Sustainable Non-road Mobile Machineries)
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