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Optimal Design and Advanced Control and Management for Electric Vehicle...
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Optimal Design and Advanced Control and Management for Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Stations

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Power Electronics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2025) | Viewed by 639

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jiawei Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Automation, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
Interests: electrified transportation technology; power control technology in microgrid; advanced control technology for renewable energy systems
Dr. Changbin Hu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
Interests: advanced optimization control technology of new energy system; simulation and control of smart grid; key technologies of energy internet

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electric vehicle (EV) battery-swapping stations (BSSs) are an important aid in the rapid growth of transport electrification systems. BSSs are not only an efficient solution to the long waiting times at charging stations for EVs but also can be treated as distributed energy storage systems that can support the operation of regional power systems, such as peak shifting and frequency regulations. However, the requirement for satisfying the instantaneous replacement of batteries for EVs and supporting grid operations may conflict each other since both of them require a certain amount of battery capacity. In this case, the optimal design, advanced power control and management strategies for BSSs are emerging.

In this Special Issue, research contributions related to EV BSSs are welcome, particularly those covering the following topics:

  • Optimal sizing and location of BSSs;
  • Advanced charging and discharging techniques and equipment for BSSs;
  • Dynamic operation management strategies for BSSs;
  • Grid-supporting techniques of BSSs;
  • Stability analysis of regional power grid featuring distributed BSSs;
  • Reliability estimation and enhancing technology for BSSs.

Prof. Dr. Jiawei Chen
Dr. Changbin Hu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electric vehicle
  • battery swapping station
  • optimal sizing
  • grid supporting
  • aggregation and regulation

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 1713 KB  
Article
QoS and Grid-Shifting Ability Guaranteed Optimal Capacity Sizing Method of Battery Swapping Station Considering Seasonal Characteristics
by Jingruo Hu, Jiawei Chen, Xi Chen, Yuan Jin and Zhuoqun Li
Electronics 2026, 15(3), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030600 - 29 Jan 2026
Abstract
A battery swapping station (BSS) is an enabling facility for battery swapping electric vehicles (EVs). To ensure the high quality of service (QoS) provided for EV customers while providing new batteries, the capacities of batteries and chargers in a BSS should be optimized. [...] Read more.
A battery swapping station (BSS) is an enabling facility for battery swapping electric vehicles (EVs). To ensure the high quality of service (QoS) provided for EV customers while providing new batteries, the capacities of batteries and chargers in a BSS should be optimized. To achieve that, an EV battery swapping demand prediction model that specially considers the influences of different seasons, the output of which is the key data for capacity sizing, is firstly developed based on Monte Carlo algorithm. Then, an optimal capacity sizing model targeted at both minimizing the construction and operation cost of the BSS and maximizing the grid-shifting ability is proposed under a proposed optimal battery swapping and charging algorithm. The optimal capacity sizing for the batteries and chargers is finally obtained using the NSGA-II algorithm to solve the developed model with all operation constraints. Case studies based on the real data provided by BSS operation companies in China are done to verify the validity of the proposed method. The results show that the cost of the BSS can be reduced while peak-shifting can be enabled with the proposed capacity sizing and battery charging/discharging algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Design and Advanced Control and Management for Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Stations)
23 pages, 7471 KB  
Article
Analysis of Transition Mode Operation and Characteristic Curves in a Buck–Boost Converter for Unmanned Guided Vehicles
by Kai-Jun Pai, Chih-Tsung Chang and Tzu-Chi Li
Electronics 2025, 14(22), 4388; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14224388 - 10 Nov 2025
Viewed by 370
Abstract
This study presents the development of a buck–boost converter for application in unmanned guided vehicles (UGVs). The converter was designed with its input connected to a lithium iron phosphate battery pack and its output connected to an inverter. This configuration enabled the inverter, [...] Read more.
This study presents the development of a buck–boost converter for application in unmanned guided vehicles (UGVs). The converter was designed with its input connected to a lithium iron phosphate battery pack and its output connected to an inverter. This configuration enabled the inverter, which powered the drive motor, to receive a stable DC voltage, thereby mitigating the effects of battery voltage fluctuations and enhancing the overall system stability. A pulse-width modulation (PWM) controller was employed to regulate the developed buck–boost converter. During the transition from buck mode to buck–boost mode, both power MOSFETs were simultaneously turned on; however, the datasheet of the PWM controller did not provide operational details or characteristic curve analysis for this mode. Therefore, this study derived the relationship between voltage gain and duty cycle ratio for the transition mode. To analyze the input voltage versus duty cycle characteristics, the linear equation was employed. This analytical model was adjusted to meet different converter specifications developed for experimental validation. Furthermore, the external-connect test capacitor method was used to extract the equivalent parasitic inductance and capacitance present in the practical circuit of the buck–boost converter. Based on these parameters, a snubber circuit was designed and connected across the drain–source terminals of the power MOSFETs to suppress voltage spikes occurring at the junctions. Finally, the developed buck–boost converter prototype was installed on an unmanned guided vehicle to convert the power from the lithium battery pack into the input power required by two inverters. A computer host was used to control the motor speed. By measuring the output voltage and current of the buck–boost converter, its electrical functionality and performance specifications were verified. The dimensions of the developed UGV chassis prototype were 40 cm in length, 45 cm in width, and 18.3 cm in height. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Design and Advanced Control and Management for Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Stations)
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