QoS and Grid-Shifting Ability Guaranteed Optimal Capacity Sizing Method of Battery Swapping Station Considering Seasonal Characteristics

Hu, Jingruo; Chen, Jiawei; Chen, Xi; Jin, Yuan; Li, Zhuoqun

doi:10.3390/electronics15030600

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QoS and Grid-Shifting Ability Guaranteed Optimal Capacity Sizing Method of Battery Swapping Station Considering Seasonal Characteristics

by

Jingruo Hu

¹,

Jiawei Chen

^1,*

,

Xi Chen

²,

Yuan Jin

² and

Zhuoqun Li

²

¹

School of Automation, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China

²

State Grid Beijing Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100031, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Electronics 2026, 15(3), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030600

Submission received: 2 December 2025 / Revised: 17 January 2026 / Accepted: 27 January 2026 / Published: 29 January 2026

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Design and Advanced Control and Management for Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Stations)

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Abstract

A battery swapping station (BSS) is an enabling facility for battery swapping electric vehicles (EVs). To ensure the high quality of service (QoS) provided for EV customers while providing new batteries, the capacities of batteries and chargers in a BSS should be optimized. To achieve that, an EV battery swapping demand prediction model that specially considers the influences of different seasons, the output of which is the key data for capacity sizing, is firstly developed based on Monte Carlo algorithm. Then, an optimal capacity sizing model targeted at both minimizing the construction and operation cost of the BSS and maximizing the grid-shifting ability is proposed under a proposed optimal battery swapping and charging algorithm. The optimal capacity sizing for the batteries and chargers is finally obtained using the NSGA-II algorithm to solve the developed model with all operation constraints. Case studies based on the real data provided by BSS operation companies in China are done to verify the validity of the proposed method. The results show that the cost of the BSS can be reduced while peak-shifting can be enabled with the proposed capacity sizing and battery charging/discharging algorithm.

Keywords: battery swapping station; electric vehicle; charging schedule; grid shift

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hu, J.; Chen, J.; Chen, X.; Jin, Y.; Li, Z. QoS and Grid-Shifting Ability Guaranteed Optimal Capacity Sizing Method of Battery Swapping Station Considering Seasonal Characteristics. Electronics 2026, 15, 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030600

AMA Style

Hu J, Chen J, Chen X, Jin Y, Li Z. QoS and Grid-Shifting Ability Guaranteed Optimal Capacity Sizing Method of Battery Swapping Station Considering Seasonal Characteristics. Electronics. 2026; 15(3):600. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030600

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hu, Jingruo, Jiawei Chen, Xi Chen, Yuan Jin, and Zhuoqun Li. 2026. "QoS and Grid-Shifting Ability Guaranteed Optimal Capacity Sizing Method of Battery Swapping Station Considering Seasonal Characteristics" Electronics 15, no. 3: 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030600

APA Style

Hu, J., Chen, J., Chen, X., Jin, Y., & Li, Z. (2026). QoS and Grid-Shifting Ability Guaranteed Optimal Capacity Sizing Method of Battery Swapping Station Considering Seasonal Characteristics. Electronics, 15(3), 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030600

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QoS and Grid-Shifting Ability Guaranteed Optimal Capacity Sizing Method of Battery Swapping Station Considering Seasonal Characteristics

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