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Diagnostics
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Disease—2nd Edition
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Disease—2nd Edition

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Diagnosis and Prognosis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 2910

Editor

Dr. Giuseppe Stefano Netti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Unit of Clinical Pathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, University Hospital “Policlinico Riuniti”, Viale Luigi Pinto, 71122 Foggia, Italy
2. Center for Research and Innovation in Medicine (CREATE), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, University Hospital “Policlinico Riuniti”, Viale Luigi Pinto, 71122 Foggia, Italy
Interests: kidney transplantation; renal disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Kidney disease is an important and common public health problem with increasing incidence and prevalence, high costs, and poor outcomes. To overcome this problem in the future, it is indispensable for us to explore and establish early detection and treatment methods for various kidney diseases, which include primary/secondary glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy/diabetic kidney disease, chronic renal failure, renal fibrosis, and polycystic kidney disease.

This Special Issue aims to bring together a collection of original research and review articles addressing novel biomarkers, techniques, and approaches that will be valuable and helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases.

Dr. Giuseppe Stefano Netti
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • kidney diseases
  • acute kidney injury
  • nephropathy
  • biomarkers
  • diagnosis
  • chronic renal failure

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 266 KB  
Article
Lower Serum Selenoprotein P Levels Are Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Patients Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis
by Chiu-Huang Kuo, Chih-Hsien Wang, Yu-Li Lin, Yu-Hsien Lai, Chi-Chong Tang and Bang-Gee Hsu
Diagnostics 2026, 16(16), 2650; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16162650 - 20 Aug 2026
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Selenoprotein P (SePP) has been linked to cardiovascular risk, but its relationship with aortic stiffness in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is unclear. This study examined that association. Methods: In this cross-sectional study of 138 patients on MHD, serum SePP [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Selenoprotein P (SePP) has been linked to cardiovascular risk, but its relationship with aortic stiffness in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is unclear. This study examined that association. Methods: In this cross-sectional study of 138 patients on MHD, serum SePP levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) was measured using the SphygmoCor system. Aortic stiffness was defined as a cfPWV of >10 m/s. Associations of SePP with cfPWV and aortic stiffness were assessed by correlation, linear regression, and penalized logistic regression. Results: Fifty-six patients (40.6%) had aortic stiffness and had lower serum SePP levels than those without aortic stiffness (p = 0.001). Patients with aortic stiffness were older (p = 0.037) and had higher systolic blood pressure (p = 0.005), higher glucose (p = 0.021) and C-reactive protein (p = 0.021) levels, and a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.034) and hypertension (p = 0.006). Log-transformed SePP was independently and inversely associated with log-transformed cfPWV in both the forward stepwise and forced-entry models (p < 0.001 for both). By Spearman’s analysis, SePP was negatively correlated with cfPWV (p < 0.001). After adjustment for significant covariates, higher SePP levels remained independently associated with lower odds of aortic stiffness in multivariable and penalized logistic regression models. Conclusions: Lower serum SePP levels were independently associated with higher cfPWV and greater odds of aortic stiffness in patients receiving MHD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Disease—2nd Edition)
15 pages, 813 KB  
Article
Comparative Evaluation of Clinical and Immunonutritional Risk Scores for Predicting Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in Emergency Patients
by Meliha Fındık, Muhammet Çakas and Uğur Demir
Diagnostics 2025, 15(22), 2842; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222842 - 10 Nov 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1116
Abstract
Background: Contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) is a clinically important complication following contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), particularly in emergency department (ED) populations. While several risk scores have been proposed, their comparative performance in ED-based imaging remains uncertain. Methods: This retrospective single-center study included [...] Read more.
Background: Contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) is a clinically important complication following contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), particularly in emergency department (ED) populations. While several risk scores have been proposed, their comparative performance in ED-based imaging remains uncertain. Methods: This retrospective single-center study included 472 adult patients who underwent contrast-enhanced CT between November 2023 and November 2024. Patients with end-stage kidney disease, renal transplantation, baseline eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, or incomplete laboratory data were excluded. CA-AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine ≥ 0.3 mg/dL or ≥25% within 48–72 h after contrast exposure in the absence of alternative causes. The Mehran score, Pre-CT AKI score, and immunonutritional indices—including the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), Osaka Prognostic Score (OPS), and Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS)—were calculated. Predictive performance was evaluated using logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Results: The incidence of CA-AKI was 2.1% (n = 10). Patients who developed CA-AKI were older and had more comorbidities, particularly chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. In univariate analysis, baseline eGFR, Pre-CT AKI score, and PNI were significantly associated with CA-AKI. Multivariate logistic regression identified baseline eGFR and PNI as independent predictors. The Pre-CT AKI score demonstrated the highest discriminative ability (AUC = 0.87), outperforming the Mehran score (AUC = 0.74). PNI provided complementary prognostic value (AUC = 0.71), whereas OPS and GPS did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: In ED patients undergoing contrast-enhanced CT, the Pre-CT AKI score was the most accurate predictor of CA-AKI, while PNI offered additional prognostic information reflecting immunonutritional vulnerability. The Mehran score showed moderate usefulness, whereas OPS and GPS were less applicable. Incorporating multifactorial models that integrate clinical, hemodynamic, and immunonutritional factors may improve early risk stratification and guide preventive strategies for CA-AKI in emergency settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Disease—2nd Edition)
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Review

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32 pages, 9269 KB  
Review
Decoding Lupus Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Therapy: From Systemic Autoimmunity to Renal Damage
by Giuseppe Stefano Netti, Dario Troise, Barbara Infante, Michele Rossini, Valentina Camporeale, Federica De Luca, Giorgia Leccese, Federica Galloso, Roberto Cuttano, Francesca Sanguedolce, Loreto Gesualdo, Giovanni Stallone and Elena Ranieri
Diagnostics 2026, 16(14), 2170; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16142170 - 11 Jul 2026
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the loss of self-tolerance to nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens, triggering immune activation and tissue inflammation. Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major determinant of disease-related morbidity, disability, chronic kidney disease progression, kidney failure, [...] Read more.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the loss of self-tolerance to nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens, triggering immune activation and tissue inflammation. Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major determinant of disease-related morbidity, disability, chronic kidney disease progression, kidney failure, and mortality in SLE, affecting approximately 30% of patients at diagnosis and up to 50–60% within the first decade. This review examines the disease’s pathogenic mechanisms, emphasizing the innate immune system’s role in the loss of self-tolerance and subsequent activation of the adaptive immune response. Mechanisms include dysregulated cell death pathways, impaired clearance of nucleic acid-containing debris and immune complexes, and involvement of antigen-presenting cells and other innate immune cells. These processes lead to the clonal expansion of autoreactive lymphocytes, generating effector T cells, memory B cells, and plasma cells that produce autoantibodies, resulting in renal injury. The review further explores the immunological processes driving kidney damage, beginning with autoantibody binding and immune complex deposition, followed by complement-mediated microvascular injury, kidney stromal cell activation, and leukocyte recruitment. Lastly, it discusses LN treatment strategies, from traditional to novel targeted therapies, with a focus on their systemic immunologic impacts and the protection of podocytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Disease—2nd Edition)
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