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Diagnostics
Special Issues
Imaging of Musculoskeletal Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends
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Imaging of Musculoskeletal Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Imaging and Theranostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2024 | Viewed by 9577

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Alberto Stefano Tagliafico

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Guest Editor
Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
Interests: MSK; musculoskeletal imaging; musculoskeletal diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Federico Zaottini

E-Mail
Guest Editor
IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
Interests: MSK; musculoskeletal imaging; musculoskeletal diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on musculoskeletal imaging (MSKI). Medical imaging techniques have reached a resolution for small and superficial anatomical structures requiring technical and detailed anatomical skills. Recent relevant technical advancements of MSKI can lead to sub-millimetric image resolution. Soft tissue masses evaluated with US and with magnetic resonance imaging as well as MSK-US in the emergency department are other important topics. Radiomics and quantitative MSKI in sarcopenia assessment are emerging applications in this field.

These articles will be useful not only for MSK radiologists but also for general and academic physicians.

Prof. Dr. Alberto Stefano Tagliafico
Dr. Federico Zaottini
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • musculoskeletal imaging
  • musculoskeletal diseases
  • magnetic resonance imaging
  • ultrasound image
  • MSK

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 1517 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Types of Os Trigonum and Findings of Conventional Ankle Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Study Based on Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
by Kyu-Hong Lee, Ro-Woon Lee and Yeo-Ju Kim
Diagnostics 2024, 14(3), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14030283 - 28 Jan 2024
Viewed by 791
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the dimensions and types of the os trigonum and evaluate their relationship with various pathologic conditions on the posterior ankle using ankle MRI images. A total of 124 non-contrast-enhanced ankle and foot MR images of 123 consecutive patients [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the dimensions and types of the os trigonum and evaluate their relationship with various pathologic conditions on the posterior ankle using ankle MRI images. A total of 124 non-contrast-enhanced ankle and foot MR images of 123 consecutive patients were included in this retrospective study. The images were presented randomly, and they contained no patient information. The MR images were retrospectively and independently reviewed by two reviewers with a fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologist. The images were classified as type I and II based on the ossicle’s medial border overlying the talus’s posterior process and the groove for the flexor hallucis longus tendon (FHL). The study revealed that patients with type II os trigonum had a longer transverse diameter of the ossicle than type I, and there were statistically significant differences. Detachment status tended to be less in type I than in type II os trigonum, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant. There were no significant differences between type I and II os trigonum regarding posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) abnormality, bone marrow edema, FHL tenosynovitis, and posterior synovitis. The study concluded that the os trigonum is a common cause of posterior ankle impingement, and type II os trigonum has a longer transverse diameter of the ossicle than type I. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging of Musculoskeletal Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends)
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13 pages, 2308 KiB  
Article
Musculoskeletal Radiology Education: A National Survey by the Italian College of Musculoskeletal Radiology
by Domenico Albano, Stefano Fusco, Marcello Zappia, Luca Maria Sconfienza, Andrea Giovagnoni, Alberto Aliprandi and Carmelo Messina
Diagnostics 2024, 14(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14010040 - 25 Dec 2023
Viewed by 579
Abstract
Background: Our aim was to understand how musculoskeletal training is structured in Italian residency programmes and the needs of young trainees. Methods: We sent out an online questionnaire (17 questions) to Italian Society of Radiology residents and board-certified radiologists aged up to 39 [...] Read more.
Background: Our aim was to understand how musculoskeletal training is structured in Italian residency programmes and the needs of young trainees. Methods: We sent out an online questionnaire (17 questions) to Italian Society of Radiology residents and board-certified radiologists aged up to 39 years. Results: A total of 1144 out of 4210 (27.2%) members participated in the survey; 64.7% were residents and 35.3% were board-certified radiologists. Just 26.6% of participants had dedicated rotations for musculoskeletal training during their residency, although this percentage substantially increased in replies from northern Italy. One-fourth of residents had a scheduled period of musculoskeletal ultrasound. Most participants (76.3%) had <20 h per year of musculoskeletal lessons. The majority considered their musculoskeletal education poor (57.7%) or average (21.9%). According to 84.8% of replies, no dedicated training period about interventional musculoskeletal procedures was scheduled. Further, just 12.8% of residents took active part in such interventions. Nearly all participants believed that the musculoskeletal programme during residency needs to be improved, particularly concerning practices in ultrasound (92.8%), MRI cases interpretation/reporting (78.9%), and practice in ultrasound-guided interventional procedures (64.3%). Conclusions: Despite some differences in the structure of musculoskeletal education provided by different regions, there is a shared demand for improvement in musculoskeletal training. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging of Musculoskeletal Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends)
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12 pages, 2344 KiB  
Article
Ultrasound or MRI in the Evaluation of Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL) Injuries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Gabriele Colò, Bianca Bignotti, Giacomo Costa, Alessio Signori and Alberto Stefano Tagliafico
Diagnostics 2023, 13(14), 2324; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13142324 - 10 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2136
Abstract
Objectives: Ankle sprains represent the second most common cause of emergency department access for musculoskeletal injury and lateral ankle ligament complex tears account for 850,000 cases annually in the United States with a relapse rate of 70%. Clinical examination is limited due to [...] Read more.
Objectives: Ankle sprains represent the second most common cause of emergency department access for musculoskeletal injury and lateral ankle ligament complex tears account for 850,000 cases annually in the United States with a relapse rate of 70%. Clinical examination is limited due to its subjectivity and the difficulty of identifying a specific involvement of the ligament; therefore, US and MRI are frequently requested. Therefore, the goal of this study is to analyze the available literature on the use of ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose injuries to the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) with a meta-analytic approach. Methods: According to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines, all studies regarding the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging ATFL injuries were searched and assessed. The data were obtained from two independent reviewers with 12 and 3 years of experience in meta-analysis. A QUADAS-2 (Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) checklist was carried out to assess the risk of biases. From the selected studies, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy data were extracted. Results: Nine studies were included. The results of the meta-analysis demonstrate a greater sensitivity for ultrasound [96.88 (95% CI: 94–99) (fixed effects); 97 (95% CI: 94–99) (random effects)] compared to MRI [88.50 (95% CI: 85–91) (fixed effects); 86.98 (95% CI: 77–94) (random effects)], p < 0.05. The result of this meta-analysis shows that the less expensive diagnostic technique is also the most sensitive for the diagnosis of ATFL tears. Ultrasound articles resulted to have non-heterogeneity [(p = 0.2816; I° = 21.4607%)]. Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrates that US appears to be a highly sensitive diagnostic technique for diagnosing tears of the ATFL. Compared to MRI, the sensitivity of US result was higher. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging of Musculoskeletal Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends)
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Review

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19 pages, 33656 KiB  
Review
Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder: Current Concepts on the Diagnostic Work-Up and Evidence-Based Protocol for Radiological Evaluation
by Riccardo Picasso, Federico Pistoia, Federico Zaottini, Giovanni Marcenaro, Maribel Miguel-Pérez, Alberto Stefano Tagliafico and Carlo Martinoli
Diagnostics 2023, 13(22), 3410; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13223410 - 09 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2829
Abstract
Adhesive capsulitis is an idiopathic and disabling disorder characterized by intense shoulder pain and progressive limitation of active and passive glenohumeral joint range of motion. Although adhesive capsulitis has been traditionally considered a diagnosis of exclusion that can be established based on a [...] Read more.
Adhesive capsulitis is an idiopathic and disabling disorder characterized by intense shoulder pain and progressive limitation of active and passive glenohumeral joint range of motion. Although adhesive capsulitis has been traditionally considered a diagnosis of exclusion that can be established based on a suggestive medical history and the detection of supporting findings at the physical exam, imaging studies are commonly requested to confirm the diagnostic suspicion and to exclude other causes of shoulder pain. Indeed, clinical findings may be rather unspecific, and may overlap with diseases like calcific tendinitis, rotator cuff pathology, acromioclavicular or glenohumeral arthropathy, autoimmune disorders, and subacromial/subdeltoid bursitis. Magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance arthrography, and high-resolution ultrasound have shown high sensitivity and accuracy in diagnosing adhesive capsulitis through the demonstration of specific pathological findings, including thickening of the joint capsule and of the coracohumeral ligament, fibrosis of the subcoracoid fat triangle, and extravasation of gadolinium outside the joint recesses. This narrative review provides an updated analysis of the current concepts on the role of imaging modalities in patients with adhesive capsulitis, with the final aim of proposing an evidence-based imaging protocol for the radiological evaluation of this condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging of Musculoskeletal Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends)
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0 pages, 1120 KiB  
Review
Nail Ultrasound in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis—A Narrative Review
by Mihaela Agache, Claudiu C. Popescu, Luminița Enache, Bianca M. Dumitrescu and Cătălin Codreanu
Diagnostics 2023, 13(13), 2236; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13132236 - 30 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1651 | Correction
Abstract
Ultrasonography has advantages for assessing psoriatic arthritis (PsA) due to its ability to evaluate several targets, including joints, entheses, and tendons, but also skin and nails. Although ultrasound is widely used in PsA, nail ultrasound, despite its potential as a non-invasive method for [...] Read more.
Ultrasonography has advantages for assessing psoriatic arthritis (PsA) due to its ability to evaluate several targets, including joints, entheses, and tendons, but also skin and nails. Although ultrasound is widely used in PsA, nail ultrasound, despite its potential as a non-invasive method for the early detection of inflammation in the nail apparatus, has low applicability in medical practice, as probes with a higher frequency are needed compared with the frequency of probes usually used. In the present article, we have narratively evaluated the studies published in the last 5 years (19 February 2018–18 February 2023) on nail ultrasound value in the diagnosis and monitoring of PsA. The studies published during this period share common measurement parameters, such as the OMERACT definition of enthesis published in 2018. We included original articles published in PubMed and Web of Science using the following search terms in all possible combinations: psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, ultrasound, and nail. Articles were declared relevant if they presented data on nail morphology, power Doppler evaluation and nearby structure evaluation, while focusing on digitorum extensor enthesitis. In most of the studies, common morphological parameters were generally increased in patients with psoriasis or PsA and were demonstrated to change with medication. The thickness of the extensor tendon was greater in patients with PsA and psoriasis versus controls and it was correlated with nail clinical changes, especially the presence of onycholysis. The presence of PD showed large variability in healthy individuals. The link between enthesitis and nail involvement is still a subject of controversy, taking into account the latest histological findings. The use of ultrasound in the evaluation of nail and DIP enthesitis remains a challenge and an area of research in the coming years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging of Musculoskeletal Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends)
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Other

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7 pages, 2406 KiB  
Interesting Images
Problematic Imaging Diagnostics of Musculoskeletal Gossypiboma with Chronic Expanding Hematoma Mimicking Malignant Lesion
by Tomas Kucera, Libor Prokes, Jiri Soukup, Jindra Brtkova, Ondrej Valtr and Pavel Sponer
Diagnostics 2023, 13(9), 1592; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091592 - 29 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1018
Abstract
Both musculoskeletal gossypibomas and chronic expanding hematomas have been rarely reported; the reports that do exist are usually case reports. Our objective is to demonstrate problematic imaging diagnostics of an unusual presentation mimicking a malignant lesion. We report the case of a 47-year-old [...] Read more.
Both musculoskeletal gossypibomas and chronic expanding hematomas have been rarely reported; the reports that do exist are usually case reports. Our objective is to demonstrate problematic imaging diagnostics of an unusual presentation mimicking a malignant lesion. We report the case of a 47-year-old man who underwent bone graft harvesting from the iliac crest for spinal fusion due to scoliosis at 18 years of age, and 29 years later, he developed a growing, painful tumor at the original donor site (a bone defect in the iliac crest). It was challenging to differentiate a hematoma from a malignant tumor based solely on clinical and radiological workup, including an ultrasound-guided needle biopsy focused on viable tissue. The definitive diagnosis of a gossypiboma with a chronic expanding hematoma was based on histopathological assessment after wide surgical resection—a chronic expanding hematoma with multiple foamy macrophages and giant cells engulfing foreign material (original surgical hemostatic sponge). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging of Musculoskeletal Diseases: New Advances and Future Trends)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: current concepts and evidence-based protocol for radiological evaluation and diagnosis
Authors: Riccardo Picasso
Affiliation: IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Abstract: Adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder, is an idiopathic and disabling disorder characterized by intense shoulder pain and progressive limitation of active and passive glenohumeral joint range of motion. Although adhesive capsulitis has been traditionally considered a diagnosis of exclusion that can be established based on a suggestive medical history and the detection of supporting findings at the physical exam, imaging studies are commonly requested in clinical practice to confirm the diagnostic suspicion and to exclude other causes of shoulder pain. Indeed, clinical findings may be rather unspecific and may overlap with diseases like calcific tendinitis, rotator cuff pathology, acromioclavicular or glenohumeral arthropathy, autoimmune disorders, and bursitis. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Arthrography and High-Resolution Ultrasound have shown high sensitivity and accuracy in diagnosing adhesive capsulitis through the demonstration of specific pathological findings involving the shoulder capsule and the pericapsular soft tissues. This narrative review provides an updated overview of the current concepts on the role of imaging modalities in patients with adhesive capsulitis, also proposing an evidence-based imaging protocol for the radiological evaluation of this condition.

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