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Diagnostics
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Kidney Disease: Biomarkers, Diagnosis, and Prognosis—4th Edition
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Kidney Disease: Biomarkers, Diagnosis, and Prognosis—4th Edition

A Special Issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418) belonging to the section "Clinical Diagnosis and Prognosis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2027 | Viewed by 1096

Editor

Prof. Dr. Akito Maeshima

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Guest Editor
Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
Interests: acute kidney injury; biomarkers; renal stem cell; tubular regeneration; renal fibrosis; lupus nephritis; ANCA-associated vasculitis; activin–follistatin system; aging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) represent a worldwide public health problem, with increasing incidence and prevalence, high costs, and poor outcomes. To overcome this problem, it is vital that we explore and establish early detection methods and techniques and better treatment options for various kidney diseases such as primary/secondary glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy/diabetic kidney disease, chronic renal failure, renal fibrosis, and polycystic kidney disease.

Biochemical parameters such as serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels and/or urinalysis are generally used for the early detection of kidney diseases. Kidney biopsy samples enable us to perform a histological diagnosis of kidney diseases. However, serum/urinary biomarkers, techniques, and approaches for the early diagnosis of kidney diseases, the evaluation of kidney disease activity, and renal prognosis are still lacking.

This Special Issue will represent an open access forum bringing together original research and review articles addressing novel biomarkers, techniques, and approaches to guide the diagnosis or analysis of kidney diseases, the assessment of kidney disease activity, and renal prognosis.

We hope that this Special Issue will help us in improving the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of kidney diseases in the clinical setting and will provide essential insights to further our understanding of the development and progression of kidney diseases.

Prof. Dr. Akito Maeshima
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • primary/secondary glomerulonephritis
  • rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • acute kidney injury
  • chronic kidney disease
  • diabetic nephropathy/diabetic kidney disease
  • chronic renal failure
  • kidney transplantation
  • renal fibrosis
  • polycystic kidney

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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17 pages, 2515 KB  
Article
Association Between the Naples Prognostic Score and In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Type 2 Cardiorenal Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study
by Eren Eynel, Emre Eynel and Yusuf Can
Diagnostics 2026, 16(19), 3185; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16193185 - 30 Sep 2026
Abstract
Objective: This study evaluated the association between admission Naples Prognostic Score (NPS) and in-hospital mortality in patients with clinical features consistent with type 2 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS-2). Methods: This retrospective, single-center study included 101 adults hospitalized for decompensated heart failure at Sakarya University [...] Read more.
Objective: This study evaluated the association between admission Naples Prognostic Score (NPS) and in-hospital mortality in patients with clinical features consistent with type 2 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS-2). Methods: This retrospective, single-center study included 101 adults hospitalized for decompensated heart failure at Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital between June 2021 and August 2024. CRS-2 classification relied on nephrologist review of historical records. Admission NPS combined albumin, total cholesterol, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio. NPS was analyzed primarily as a continuous score using univariable and multivariable Firth penalized logistic regression with profile penalized-likelihood confidence intervals. Low (0–2) versus high (3–4) NPS comparisons were exploratory; no patient scored 0. Results: Overall, 26 patients (25.7%) died. Mortality was higher in the high-NPS than the low-NPS group (24/52 [46.2%] versus 2/49 [4.1%]; p < 0.001). After adjustment for age, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the odds ratio per one-point NPS increase was 3.42 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.76–7.77; p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.825 (percentile bootstrap 95% CI, 0.744–0.896). At the established NPS ≥ 3 category boundary, sensitivity was 92.3% (95% CI, 75.9–97.9%) and specificity was 62.7% (95% CI, 51.4–72.7%). Performance was estimated within the same cohort without optimism correction or external validation. Conclusions: Higher admission NPS was associated with in-hospital mortality after adjustment for age, NYHA class, and LVEF. These exploratory findings require external validation and assessment of incremental predictive value and clinical utility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Kidney Disease: Biomarkers, Diagnosis, and Prognosis—4th Edition)
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14 pages, 1229 KB  
Protocol
Duplex Doppler Measurement of Renal Resistive Index in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Outpatients: A Proposed Standardized Protocol
by GianLuca Colussi, Lisa Giusto, Alessandra Rigamonti, Stefania Rondinella, Giulia Marta Viglione, Marco Fabio Cola, Piergiorgio Gaudenzi, Maurizio Tonizzo and Giulio Romano
Diagnostics 2026, 16(15), 2438; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16152438 - 1 Aug 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 767
Abstract
The renal resistive index (RRI) is a Doppler-derived parameter influenced by intrarenal hemodynamics, vascular compliance, pulsatile load, and systemic cardiovascular factors. In outpatient nephrology practice, RRI may provide adjunctive hemodynamic and prognostic information when interpreted together with kidney morphology, estimated glomerular filtration rate, [...] Read more.
The renal resistive index (RRI) is a Doppler-derived parameter influenced by intrarenal hemodynamics, vascular compliance, pulsatile load, and systemic cardiovascular factors. In outpatient nephrology practice, RRI may provide adjunctive hemodynamic and prognostic information when interpreted together with kidney morphology, estimated glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, blood pressure, heart rate, rhythm, and cardiovascular context. This protocol aims to standardize duplex Doppler acquisition, calculation, interpretation, and reporting of RRI in outpatient adults with native-kidney chronic kidney disease (CKD). The protocol defines patient eligibility and preparation, same-visit clinical data collection, grayscale kidney assessment, color Doppler localization of intrarenal arteries, pulsed-wave Doppler settings, bilateral upper-, middle-, and lower-pole sampling, waveform validity criteria, RRI calculation rules, image archiving, and structured reporting. Technical pitfalls and hemodynamic confounders are incorporated into the workflow to support reproducibility and serial comparability. The expected output is a standardized RRI report including kidney-specific and bilateral mean RRI values when minimum validity criteria are met, the number and location of valid sampling sites, grayscale morphologic findings, same-visit hemodynamic context, relevant technical limitations, and interpretive caveats. The protocol is designed to reduce acquisition variability and improve the consistency of RRI documentation in outpatient CKD practice. RRI should not be interpreted as a stand-alone diagnostic test or direct surrogate of renal vascular resistance. A standardized acquisition and reporting protocol may improve reproducibility and allow RRI to be used more appropriately as an adjunctive hemodynamic and prognostic marker in adults with non-dialysis-dependent CKD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Kidney Disease: Biomarkers, Diagnosis, and Prognosis—4th Edition)
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