Artificial Intelligence in Eye Disease, 4th Edition

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 March 2026 | Viewed by 672

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering (Primary), Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
2. Department of Artificial Intelligence (Secondary), Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
Interests: artificial intelligence in biomedicine; diagnosis of retinal diseases; deep learning for ophthalmology images; neuroscience research
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

While the use of artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly spreading to the medical world amid the vortex of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the use of AI in ophthalmology is attracting attention for the diagnosis of various ophthalmic diseases, including optic nerve diseases, which are difficult to diagnose. In particular, introducing AI could help to make diagnoses with high accuracy when applied to fundus photographs, optical coherence tomography, and the visual field in order to achieve a strong classification performance in the detection of ocular and retinal diseases. In ocular imaging, AI can be used as a possible solution for screening, diagnosing, and monitoring patients with major eye diseases in primary care and community settings. For instance, through deep learning algorithms that read retinal images, various diseases can be observed, such as bleeding, macular abnormalities—e.g., drusen—choroidal abnormalities, retinal vessel abnormalities, nerve fiber layer defects, and glaucomatous optic nerve papilla changes. Thus, deep learning architectures can be applied to learn to recognize eye diseases, thereby increasing the diagnosis rate with a clinically acceptable performance. In other words, AI serves as a safety device for both patients and doctors, as well as an auxiliary tool to quickly judge the results. It prevents the possibility of an initial misdiagnosis, provides treatment efficiency, and increases patient reliability. Consequently, AI could potentially revolutionize the way that ophthalmology is practiced in the future. Thus, the aim of this Special Issue is to highlight the recent progress and trends in utilizing AI techniques, such as machine learning and deep learning, for detecting, screening, diagnosing, and monitoring numerous eye diseases, not only in diverse clinical practice but also in basic research on ophthalmology.

Prof. Dr. Jae-Ho Han
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • medical diagnosis
  • artificial intelligence
  • deep learning
  • fundus image
  • optical coherence tomography
  • ophthalmology
  • retinal vessel
  • glaucoma
  • retinopathy
  • macular degeneration
  • image segmentation

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

17 pages, 2569 KB  
Article
Automated Multi-Class Classification of Retinal Pathologies: A Deep Learning Approach to Unified Ophthalmic Screening
by Uğur Şevik and Onur Mutlu
Diagnostics 2025, 15(21), 2745; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15212745 - 29 Oct 2025
Viewed by 506
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The prevailing paradigm in ophthalmic AI involves siloed, single-disease models, which fails to address the complexity of differential diagnosis in clinical practice. This study aimed to develop and validate a unified deep learning framework for the automated multi-class classification of a [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The prevailing paradigm in ophthalmic AI involves siloed, single-disease models, which fails to address the complexity of differential diagnosis in clinical practice. This study aimed to develop and validate a unified deep learning framework for the automated multi-class classification of a wide spectrum of retinal pathologies from fundus photographs, moving beyond the single-disease paradigm to create a comprehensive screening tool. Methods: A publicly available dataset was manually curated by an ophthalmologist, resulting in 1841 images across nine classes, including Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma, and Healthy retinas. After extensive data augmentation to mitigate class imbalance, three pre-trained CNN architectures (ResNet-152, EfficientNetV2, and a YOLOv11-based classifier) were comparatively evaluated. The models were trained using transfer learning and their performance was assessed on an independent test set using accuracy, macro-averaged F1-score, and Area Under the Curve (AUC). Results: The YOLOv11-based classifier demonstrated superior performance over the other architectures on the validation set. On the final independent test set, it achieved a robust overall accuracy of 0.861 and a macro-averaged F1-score of 0.861. The model yielded a validation set AUC of 0.961, which was statistically superior to both ResNet-152 (p < 0.001) and EfficientNetV2 (p < 0.01) as confirmed by the DeLong test. Conclusions: A unified deep learning framework, leveraging a YOLOv11 backbone, can accurately classify nine distinct retinal conditions from a single fundus photograph. This holistic approach moves beyond the limitations of single-disease algorithms, offering considerable promise as a comprehensive AI-driven screening tool to augment clinical decision-making and enhance diagnostic efficiency in ophthalmology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Eye Disease, 4th Edition)
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