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34 pages, 725 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chemical Compositions and Essential Fatty Acid Analysis of Selected Vegetable Oils and Fats

by Pawan Kumar Ojha, Darbin Kumar Poudel, Anil Rokaya, Salina Maharjan, Sunita Timsina, Ambika Poudel, Rakesh Satyal, Prabodh Satyal and William N. Setzer

Compounds 2024, 4(1), 37-70; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds4010003 - 17 Jan 2024

Viewed by 2349

Abstract

The fatty acid (FA) compositions of thirty-nine vegetable oils and fats, including nangai nut, pili nut, shea butter, tamanu oil, baobab, sea buckthorn berry, Brazil nut, grape seed, black seed, evening primrose, passion fruit, milk thistle, sunflower, pumpkin seed, sesame, soybean, flax seed, [...] Read more.

The fatty acid (FA) compositions of thirty-nine vegetable oils and fats, including nangai nut, pili nut, shea butter, tamanu oil, baobab, sea buckthorn berry, Brazil nut, grape seed, black seed, evening primrose, passion fruit, milk thistle, sunflower, pumpkin seed, sesame, soybean, flax seed, kukui, red raspberry seed, walnut, chia seed, hemp seed, rosehip, almond, avocado, carrot seed, moringa, apricot kernel, camellia seed, macadamia, olive, marula, argan, castor, jojoba, pomegranate seed, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) coconut, roasted coconut, canola, and mustard oil, were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Vegetable oils and fats have different profiles in terms of their fatty acid composition, and their major constituents vary significantly. However, we categorized them into different classes based on the percentages of different fatty acids they contain. The saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic acid and stearic acid, and the unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid, are the main categories. Among them, roasted coconut oil contained the greatest amount of saturated fatty acids followed by nangai nut (45.61%). Passion fruit oil contained the largest amount of linoleic acid (66.23%), while chia seed oil had the highest content of linolenic acid (58.25%). Oleic acid was exclusively present in camellia seed oil, constituting 78.57% of its composition. Notably, mustard oil had a significant presence of erucic acid (54.32%), while pomegranate seed oil exclusively contained punicic acid (74.77%). Jojoba oil primarily consisted of (Z)-11-eicosenoic acid (29.55%) and (Z)-docos-13-en-1-ol (27.96%). The major constituent in castor oil was ricinoleic acid (89.89%). Compared with other vegetable oils and fats, pili nut oil contained a significant amount of (E)-FA (20.62%), followed by sea buckthorn berry oil with a content of 9.60%. FA compositions from sources may be problematic in the human diet due to no labeling or the absence of essential components. Therefore, consumers must cast an eye over some essential components consumed in their dietary intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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12 pages, 5332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Impregnation Approach of Zinc Oxide Nano-Dispersions for Potential UV Stabilization in Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica

by Lukas Sommerauer, Alexander Petutschnigg and Thomas Schnabel

Compounds 2023, 3(4), 561-572; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3040040 - 01 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1084

Abstract

As biological material, wood is distinctly affected by to various environmental influences during use. Reductions in durability can come from ultraviolet (UV) radiation, insects, fungi, and microorganisms in both exterior and interior applications. Wood can be easily protected from living organisms via the [...] Read more.

As biological material, wood is distinctly affected by to various environmental influences during use. Reductions in durability can come from ultraviolet (UV) radiation, insects, fungi, and microorganisms in both exterior and interior applications. Wood can be easily protected from living organisms via the control of moisture content; however, UV radiation is not so easily managed. Wood components subject to this degradation are damaged and decomposed at a molecular level leading to deterioration of surface quality, especially in visible application areas. A potential remedy to this is using the UV-stabilizing properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Zinc oxide nano-dispersions based on propylene glycol (PG) were introduced into the microscopic structure of fir (Abies alba) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood by whole-cell impregnation to overcome problems associated with surface coatings. In this work the material uptake of ZnO nano-dispersions in concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% w/v were investigated and their effect on the stability of the optical appearance to UV exposure in short-term weathering were evaluated. Untreated reference samples showed significant photo-yellowing. A 1% w/v ZnO dispersion significantly increased the UV stability of treated surfaces. It was found that the uptake of the nano-dispersions was independent of the proportion of ZnO, and that the impregnating agents penetrated fir wood (about 200%) stronger than beech wood (about 70%). Already, a 2% w/v ZnO nano-dispersion led to a saturation of ZnO in the cell structure of the treated wood, for fir as well as beech, and no further ZnO uptake was achieved with 3% w/v nano-dispersions. Scanning electron microscopy shows an agglomeration of ZnO-NP in the cellular pathways impacting penetration, reducing leachability at higher concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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40 pages, 19099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermodynamic Overview of Bioconjugation Reactions Pertinent to Lysine and Cysteine Peptide and Protein Residues

by Maja Lopandic, Fatima Merza and John F. Honek

Compounds 2023, 3(3), 464-503; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3030035 - 30 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1610

Abstract

Bioconjugation reactions are critical to the modification of peptides and proteins, permitting the introduction of biophysical probes onto proteins as well as drugs for use in antibody-targeted medicines. A diverse set of chemical reagents can be employed in these circumstances to covalently label [...] Read more.

Bioconjugation reactions are critical to the modification of peptides and proteins, permitting the introduction of biophysical probes onto proteins as well as drugs for use in antibody-targeted medicines. A diverse set of chemical reagents can be employed in these circumstances to covalently label protein side chains, such as the amine moiety in the side chain of lysine and the thiol functionality in cysteine residues, two of the more frequently employed sites for modification. To provide researchers with a thermodynamic survey of the reaction of these residues with frequently employed chemical modification reagents as well as reactive cellular intermediates also known to modify proteins non-enzymatically, a theoretical investigation of the overall thermodynamics of models of these reactions was undertaken at the T1 and G3(MP2) thermochemical recipe levels (gas phase), the M06-2X/6-311+G(2df,2p)/B3LYP/6-31G(d) (gas and water phase), and the M06-2X/cc-PVTZ(-f)++ density functional levels of theory (water phase). Discussions of the relationship between the reagent structure and the overall thermodynamics of amine or thiol modification are presented. Of additional interest are the observations that routine cellular intermediates such as certain thioesters, acyl phosphates, and acetyl-L-carnitine can contribute to non-enzymatic protein modifications. These reactions and representative click chemistry reactions were also investigated. The computational survey presented herein (>320 reaction computations were undertaken) should serve as a valuable resource for researchers undertaking protein bioconjugation. A concluding section addresses the ability of computation to provide predictions as to the potential for protein modification by new chemical entities, with a cautionary note on protein modification side reactions that may occur when employing synthetic substrates to measure enzyme kinetic activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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11 pages, 2041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Analysis by GC/MS and ¹³C NMR of Moroccan Cladanthus mixtus Essential Oil; Identification of Uncommon Epoxyfarnesanes

by Souad El Hafidi, Khadija Bakhy, Mohammed Ouhssine, Abderrahim Benzakour, Joseph Casanova, Mathieu Paoli and Félix Tomi

Compounds 2023, 3(2), 365-375; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3020028 - 17 May 2023

Viewed by 1016

Abstract

Cladanthus mixtus (L.) Chevall., Asteraceae, also known as Moroccan chamomile, is a spontaneous, annual plant growing wild in North-Western Morocco. Economically, the essential oil of C. mixtus is of high interest, Morocco being the only supplier on the international market. Two essential oil [...] Read more.

Cladanthus mixtus (L.) Chevall., Asteraceae, also known as Moroccan chamomile, is a spontaneous, annual plant growing wild in North-Western Morocco. Economically, the essential oil of C. mixtus is of high interest, Morocco being the only supplier on the international market. Two essential oil samples (EO) were isolated from aerial parts of Cladanthus mixtus (L.) Chevall., and analyzed by a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques (gas chromatography (GC) in combination with retention indices (RI), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy). Computer matching against the in-house ¹³C NMR library allowed the identification of the eight components at appreciable contents, namely 3,6,6,9-bis-epoxy-farnesa-1,7(14),10-triene, and its 3-epi, 9-epi, and 3,9-diepi epimers, and 6,9-epoxy-farnesa-1,7(14),10-trien-3-ol and its 3-epi, 6-epi, and 3,6-diepi epimers. Our results confirm the tremendous chemical variability of Moroccan C. mixtus essential oil and the usefulness of ¹³C NMR analysis, in combination with GC(RI), for the identification of uncommon oxygenated sesquiterpenes that induce an original composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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17 pages, 4118 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Interplay between Fe(II) and Fe(III) and Its Impact on Thermoelectric Properties of Iron-Substituted Colusites Cu_26−xFe_xV₂Sn₆S₃₂

by Alexey O. Polevik, Alexey V. Sobolev, Iana S. Glazkova, Igor A. Presniakov, Valeriy Yu. Verchenko, Joosep Link, Raivo Stern and Andrei V. Shevelkov

Compounds 2023, 3(2), 348-364; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3020027 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1476

Abstract

Following the trend of finding better thermoelectric materials among synthetic analogs of copper–chalcogenide minerals, we have synthesized iron-bearing colusites of a general formula Cu_26−xFe_xV₂Sn₆S₃₂. They crystallize in the cubic space group P-43n [...] Read more.

Following the trend of finding better thermoelectric materials among synthetic analogs of copper–chalcogenide minerals, we have synthesized iron-bearing colusites of a general formula Cu_26−xFe_xV₂Sn₆S₃₂. They crystallize in the cubic space group P-43n with the unit cell parameter increasing linearly with the iron content. At a low iron concentration, the crystal structure features disorder manifested by an anti-site effect and a shift of a part of the tin atoms from their ideal positions, which is absent for higher iron contents. The magnetization and ⁵⁷Fe/¹¹⁹Sn Mössbauer studies showed that, for x = 1, iron is present as Fe³⁺, whereas for x > 1, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ coexist. Additionally, weak antiferromagnetic interactions between iron atoms and fast on the ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer time scale (10⁷–10⁹ s⁻¹) electron transfer between adjacent Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ centers were revealed. Thermoelectric studies showed that iron-bearing colusites are p-type semiconductors with low thermal conductivity stemming from their complex crystal structure and structural disorder. The highest ZT of 0.78 at 700 K was found for the x = 1 iron content, where iron is present as Fe³⁺ only. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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7 pages, 1659 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Enzymatic Screening of β-Amyloid Precursor Protein-Based Substrates

by Reo Yamada, Masaki Midorikawa, Ayu Asai, Norimasa Takasu, Ren Fujii and Taeko Kakizawa

Compounds 2023, 3(2), 341-347; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3020026 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1174

Abstract

We performed an enzymatic screening of synthetic peptides based on β-amyloid precursor protein substrates. The template peptide sequence was a decapeptide derived from our previous screening study, which determined several effective unnatural amino acids. In this study, new libraries containing some unnatural amino [...] Read more.

We performed an enzymatic screening of synthetic peptides based on β-amyloid precursor protein substrates. The template peptide sequence was a decapeptide derived from our previous screening study, which determined several effective unnatural amino acids. In this study, new libraries containing some unnatural amino acid compounds were prepared in the solid phase and digested with the β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme. The reaction mixture was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The peptides that showed a higher cleavage than the template sequence were determined and reported. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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5 pages, 2537 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

The Effect of Strain on the Aromatic Character of Infinitene

by Maurizio D’Auria

Compounds 2023, 3(2), 336-340; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3020025 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 949

Abstract

Infinitene was synthesized in a previous study in 2021, and the molecule showed high strain energy. It was not clear how the strain affected the aromatic character of the molecule. To discuss this problem, the aromatic properties of dodecacene, [12]circulene, and infinitene have [...] Read more.

Infinitene was synthesized in a previous study in 2021, and the molecule showed high strain energy. It was not clear how the strain affected the aromatic character of the molecule. To discuss this problem, the aromatic properties of dodecacene, [12]circulene, and infinitene have been studied. The structures of these compounds have been optimized at the DFT/B3LYP/6-311G + (d,p) level of theory, and the energy of the π orbitals has been used to determine the D’ index of the aromaticity. D′ for dodecacene, [12]circulene, and infinitene were 1.45, 1.45, and 1.50, respectively, showing that infinitene is an aromatic compound but with a lower aromatic character, which is in agreement with the observed strain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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12 pages, 1933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Spectral, Thermal and Antimicrobial Investigation of Mixed Ligand Metal Complexes of N-Salicylidene Aniline and 1,10-Phenanthroline

by Amira A. Mohamed, Abeer A. Nassr, Sadeek A. Sadeek and Hazem S. Elshafie

Compounds 2023, 3(1), 298-309; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3010022 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1873

Abstract

Coordination compounds of Co(II), Cu(II), Y(III), Zr(IV) and La(III) ions were synthesized from the N-salicylidene aniline (L) derived from the condensation of aniline with salicylaldhyde and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as a secondary mixed ligand. L, phen and their [...] Read more.

Coordination compounds of Co(II), Cu(II), Y(III), Zr(IV) and La(III) ions were synthesized from the N-salicylidene aniline (L) derived from the condensation of aniline with salicylaldhyde and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as a secondary mixed ligand. L, phen and their complexes were characterized using various physiochemical methods, such as elemental analyses (CHN), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), molar conductance (Λ), magnetic susceptibility (μeff), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG). The analytical and spectroscopic data supporting the chemical formulas of the metal complexes and chelation of L and phen with the metal ions forming octahedral complexes. FT-IR spectra demonstrated that L chelated with metal ions as a bidentate ligand via the oxygen atom of the phenolic group with a band in the range 3378–3437 cm⁻¹ and the nitrogen atom of the azomethine group at 1612 cm⁻¹. In addition, phen chelated through two nitrogen atoms in the range 1525–1565 cm⁻¹. The ¹H NMR results confirmed the IR assumption that the ligand connected to the metal ions via the phenolic’s oxygen atom. The molar conductance measurements of the complexes revealed high values of the electrolytic nature of these complexes in the range of 90.40–125.80 S cm² mol⁻¹. Thermal analysis (TG/DTG) was used to differentiate between coordinated and hydrated water molecules and the thermal stability of the complexes. Finally, the anti-microbial activities of the complexes were investigated against fungi (Candida albicans), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus sp.) using the disc diffusion method. The La(III) complex was significant against C. albicans compared with all other compounds and reference standard control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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19 pages, 1329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Abraham Solvation Parameter Model: Revised Predictive Expressions for Solute Transfer into Polydimethylsiloxane Based on Much Larger and Chemically Diverse Datasets

by Amy Zhou, Laine Longacre, Ramya Motati and William E. Acree, Jr.

Compounds 2023, 3(1), 205-223; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3010017 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1559

Abstract

Updated Abraham model correlations are reported for the transfer of organic solutes and inorganic gases to a polydimethylsiloxane coating from both water and the gas phase based on published experimental data for more than 220 different compounds. The derived mathematical expressions back-calculate the [...] Read more.

Updated Abraham model correlations are reported for the transfer of organic solutes and inorganic gases to a polydimethylsiloxane coating from both water and the gas phase based on published experimental data for more than 220 different compounds. The derived mathematical expressions back-calculate the observed partitioning behavior to within standard deviations of the residuals of 0.206 and 0.176 log units, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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14 pages, 1365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and UV-Blocking Functionalized Poly(Butylene Succinate) Films

by Serena Coiai, Nicola Migliore, Elisa Passaglia, Roberto Spiniello, Cristian Gambarotti and Francesca Cicogna

Compounds 2023, 3(1), 180-193; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3010015 - 09 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1427

Abstract

The introduction of a limited number of functional groups on poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) chains by covalent bonding can impart new properties to the polymer without modifying its thermal and mechanical properties. In pursuit of a viable approach to obtain light- and heat-stabilized PBS [...] Read more.

The introduction of a limited number of functional groups on poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) chains by covalent bonding can impart new properties to the polymer without modifying its thermal and mechanical properties. In pursuit of a viable approach to obtain light- and heat-stabilized PBS samples, the nitroxide radical coupling (NRC) reaction between PBS macroradicals and the 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (BHB-TEMPO), a functionalizing agent bearing a sterically-hindered antioxidant phenol moiety, is here proposed. The reaction was initiated by peroxide and carried out in solution and in a melt. The functionalized materials were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis to gain structural information and by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to investigate the thermal properties. In addition, films of the samples were subjected to thermal and photo-oxidative aging to assess their resistance to degradative processes. Finally, the PBS film with the highest degree of functionalization showed the ability to protect β-carotene, a molecule found in food and drugs and that is very sensitive to UV light, from degradation. This result suggests the use of this material (either alone or blended with other biopolyesters) for biodegradable and compostable active packaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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11 pages, 1454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction of the Plasma Uric Acid Level in Potassium Oxoate-Induced Hyperuricemic Rats by Heat-Concentrated Prunus mume Fruit Extract Containing Three Chlorogenic Acid Isomers

by Yi-Ching Wu, Ping-Chung Kuo, Wen-Ying Chen and Jason T. C. Tzen

Compounds 2023, 3(1), 169-179; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3010014 - 08 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2221

Abstract

Gout is a common rheumatic disease, resulting from hyperuricemia. Prunus mume fruit extract, after being heat-concentrated named mei extract, was empirically found to reduce the risk of gout. While neochlorogenic acid was found as the predominant phenolic compound in the fresh juice of [...] Read more.

Gout is a common rheumatic disease, resulting from hyperuricemia. Prunus mume fruit extract, after being heat-concentrated named mei extract, was empirically found to reduce the risk of gout. While neochlorogenic acid was found as the predominant phenolic compound in the fresh juice of Prunus mume, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, and cryptogenic acid were detected as the major phenolic compounds in the mei extract. In vitro testing showed that all the three chlorogenic acid isomers exhibited comparable inhibitory activities on xanthine oxidase. The hypouricemic effects of the mei extract were evaluated in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rats. Oral administrations of the mei extract significantly reduced the plasma uric acid level in hyperuricemic rats, but did not elevate the urinary uric acid level. The results provide in vivo evidence for the anti-hyperuricemic effects of mei extract for the first time, rationalize its therapeutic usage for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout, and propose chlorogenic acid isomers as the active ingredients. Mei extract seems to be a potential natural functional food product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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16 pages, 8359 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fluorinated Merophosphinine and Phosphinine Dyes: Synthesis and Evaluation of UV-Visible Light Absorption Properties

by Shigeyuki Yamada, Yusuke Takahashi and Tsutomu Konno

Compounds 2023, 3(1), 153-168; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3010013 - 02 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1691

Abstract

Merophosphinine and phosphinine dyes were reported as phosphorus atom equivalents of merocyanine and cyanine dyes in the 1960s. Although these dyes are excellent sensitizers for enhancing photographic performance, their development has been considerably retarded because of difficulties in the synthetic process. Previously, while [...] Read more.

Merophosphinine and phosphinine dyes were reported as phosphorus atom equivalents of merocyanine and cyanine dyes in the 1960s. Although these dyes are excellent sensitizers for enhancing photographic performance, their development has been considerably retarded because of difficulties in the synthetic process. Previously, while investigating the reactivity of fluoroalkenes with various nucleophiles, we developed fluorinated merophosphinine and phosphinine scaffolds in a single reaction step; however, we did not investigate their ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) light absorption properties further. Therefore, in this study, we synthesized fluorinated merophosphinines and phosphinine derivatives using triphenylphosphonium ylides with various R substituents [R = H, C₆H₅, 4-MeOC₆H₄, 4-PhC₆H₄, or C₆F₅] and octafluorocyclopentene to study their absorption characteristics. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) indicated that several synthesized derivatives were thermally stable at temperatures above 241 °C. Additionally, when studied in various solvents, the fluorinated merophosphinine and phosphinine dyes exhibited well-defined maximum absorption wavelengths (λ_abs) in the 364–375 and 420–474 nm ranges, respectively. Thus, fluorinated merophosphinine and phosphinine derivatives may serve as promising thermally stable functional dyes for future technical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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10 pages, 418 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Synthesis and Predicted Activity of Some 4-Amine and 4-(α-Aminoacid) Derivatives of N-Expanded-metronidazole Analogues

by Justyna Żwawiak and Lucjusz Zaprutko

Compounds 2023, 3(1), 97-106; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3010009 - 19 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1289

Abstract

The discovery of azomycin provided the major impulse for the systematic search for medicines showing activity against anaerobic protozoa. Nowadays, many other interesting applications have been found for nitroimidazoles as therapeutic agents. This research led to the acquisition of numerous new 4-amine-5-nitroimidazole derivatives, [...] Read more.

The discovery of azomycin provided the major impulse for the systematic search for medicines showing activity against anaerobic protozoa. Nowadays, many other interesting applications have been found for nitroimidazoles as therapeutic agents. This research led to the acquisition of numerous new 4-amine-5-nitroimidazole derivatives, which have a structure analogous to metronidazole, characteristic of medicines most widely used in the treatment of anaerobic bacteria, protozoa and parasitic infections. The therapeutic activity of the described compounds is analyzed and confirmed with predictive methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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10 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Facile Synthesis of Pyrrolyl-Containing Semisquaraines in Water as Precursors for Non-Symmetric Squaraines

by Daniel D. Ta, Jeanne M. Favret and Sergei V. Dzyuba

Compounds 2023, 3(1), 17-26; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3010002 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1557

Abstract

One-step reactions between squaric acid and pyrroles, such as 3-ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyrrole and 1,2,5-trimethylpyrrole, in water provide the corresponding pyrrol-2-yl- and pyrrol-3-yl-containing semisquaraines in high yields. These semisquaraines serve as useful precursors for the synthesis of various non-symmetric pyrrole-containing squaraine dyes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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16 pages, 3461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protection and Rehabilitation Effects of Cordyceps militaris Fruit Body Extract and Possible Roles of Cordycepin and Adenosine

by Mai Xuan Bach, Truong Ngoc Minh, Dao Thi Ngoc Anh, Ho Ngoc Anh, Le Viet Anh, Nguyen Quang Trung, Bui Quang Minh and Tran Dang Xuan

Compounds 2022, 2(4), 388-403; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds2040032 - 19 Dec 2022

Viewed by 2485

Abstract

Cordyceps militaris is a valued medicinal fungus in folk medicine in East Asia. It contains two major nucleosides, cordycepin and adenosine, which have been reported to have potential antineoplastic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. This paper aimed to study the effect of C. militaris [...] Read more.

Cordyceps militaris is a valued medicinal fungus in folk medicine in East Asia. It contains two major nucleosides, cordycepin and adenosine, which have been reported to have potential antineoplastic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. This paper aimed to study the effect of C. militaris extract on the reproductive function of a mouse model, evaluating possible toxicity, androgenic activity, and protective and rehabilitative effects against damages caused by sodium valproate (VPA). There was no death and abnormalities observed in mice. Androgen activity was also shown in young male rats by an improvement in several sexual organs. The protective effect of C. militaris extract was explained by the gain of sexual organs’ weight, testosterone concentration, and seminiferous tubule size as well as the enhancement of sperm density, alive sperm percentage, and the progressive forward movement of sperm. The pregnancy rate of female rats paired with VPA-administered male rats (500 mg/kg/day) increased proportionally with the higher dose of C. militaris extract. In the rehabilitation study, an incline in the weight of the Cowper’s gland and glans (0.112 g/kg/day) and testicle and prostate (0.336 g/kg/day) as well as an improvement of the sperm forward progressive movement was observed. The percentage of unprogressive sperm and immotile sperm has reduced. These results suggest that C. militaris is a potential supplement to reduce the negative effects of VPA and improve reproductive function, in which the two major constituents cordycepin and adenosine may play an active role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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10 pages, 1964 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Perovskite-Type Oxide Catalysts in CO₂ Utilization: A Principal Study of Novel Cu-Doped Perovskites for Methanol Synthesis

by Florian Schrenk, Lorenz Lindenthal, Gernot Pacholik, Tina Navratil, Tobias Maximilian Berger, Hedda Drexler, Raffael Rameshan, Thomas Ruh, Karin Föttinger and Christoph Rameshan

Compounds 2022, 2(4), 378-387; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds2040031 - 14 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1408

Abstract

Six different perovskite-type oxides were investigated with respect to their ability for methanol synthesis via H₂ and CO₂: Fe-, Mn-, and Ti-based perovskites were prepared with and without Cu doping. For assessment, the catalysts were subjected to preliminary tests at [...] Read more.

Six different perovskite-type oxides were investigated with respect to their ability for methanol synthesis via H₂ and CO₂: Fe-, Mn-, and Ti-based perovskites were prepared with and without Cu doping. For assessment, the catalysts were subjected to preliminary tests at atmospheric pressure to evaluate their ability to activate CO₂. Additional catalytic tests with the doped versions of each catalyst type were carried out in a pressured reactor at 21 bar. After the measurements, the catalysts were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All catalysts were able to produce methanol in the pressure tests. CO₂ conversions between 14% and 23% were reached at 400 °C, with the highest methanol selectivity at the lower temperature of 250 °C. The combination of XRD and SEM revealed that the Fe-based and Ti-based perovskites were stable under reaction conditions and that catalytically highly active and stable nanoparticles had formed. The minor formation of CaCO₃, which is a deactivating phase, was observed for one catalyst. These nanoparticles showed resistance to coking and sintering. However, the yield and selectivity for methanol need to be improved via the further tailoring of the perovskite composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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14 pages, 3758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterizations of Curcumin Protection and Delivery System Using Linear Dextrin

by Huifang Xie, Litao Ma, Yanan Li, Jun Fu, Zhongxian Li, Xuejun Yu and Qunyu Gao

Compounds 2022, 2(4), 353-366; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds2040029 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1340

Abstract

In this work, linear dextrins (LDs) with the fragment F-40 (DP = 31.44) were fabricated from waxy potato starch through pasteurization and enzymatic debranching by pullulanase and then separated and extracted by ethanol solutions with different concentrations. The LDs were used to encapsulate [...] Read more.

In this work, linear dextrins (LDs) with the fragment F-40 (DP = 31.44) were fabricated from waxy potato starch through pasteurization and enzymatic debranching by pullulanase and then separated and extracted by ethanol solutions with different concentrations. The LDs were used to encapsulate hydrophobic ligand curcumin to develop a controlled release system that would increase its flavor in food and functions in medicines. The physicochemical properties and the encapsulation mechanism of the inclusion complexes were investigated. It was found that the loading capability for curcumin, the encapsulation rate, and the yield of the complexes depended on the molecular weight of LD. The yield of the LD-Cur complex, its encapsulation rate, and loading of curcumin were 19.86%, 25.81%, and 29.52 μg/mg, respectively, while the yield of the F-40-Cur complex, its inclusion rate, and loading curcumin reached up to 75.98%, 29.97%, and 37.52 μg/mg, respectively. There were both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions between LD and curcumin, while hydrogen bonding interactions were predominant between F-40 and curcumin. Curcumin was presented in the complex in an amorphous form. The photothermal stability of curcumin increased after being complexed with LD and further enhanced significantly with F-40. The release of curcumin in the intestine was achieved much more effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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10 pages, 455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extraction of Polyphenolic and Volatile Compounds from Cistus creticus Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Pulsed Electric Fields

by Dimitrios Palaiogiannis, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Eleni Bozinou, Theodoros Chatzimitakos, Dimitris P. Makris and Stavros I. Lalas

Compounds 2022, 2(4), 311-320; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds2040026 - 01 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1632

Abstract

To date, many studies have been published, aiming to extract bioactive compounds from plants. Lately, research focuses on maximizing the extraction yield, using environmentally friendly techniques and solvents. In this study, the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Cistus creticus is discussed. Extraction of [...] Read more.

To date, many studies have been published, aiming to extract bioactive compounds from plants. Lately, research focuses on maximizing the extraction yield, using environmentally friendly techniques and solvents. In this study, the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Cistus creticus is discussed. Extraction of the compounds has been carried out with water and ethanol, employing the most common approach. To further enhance the extraction yield, the usage of four deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has also been examined. In an effort to further enhance the extraction yield, pulsed electric fields have also been employed. According to the results, it was evident that the use of DESs made of glycerol: choline chloride (2:1) increased the extraction yield by 75%, compared to extraction with water. Moreover, the use of pulsed electric fields enhanced the extraction yield of the common approach, by up to 70%. When pulsed electric fields and DESs were combined, the extraction yield increased by 14%, compared to the use of DESs only. Finally, the extract was analyzed for its content in volatile compounds, and it was found that new compounds could be extracted with the use of DESs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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14 pages, 4378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Antipsoriatic Effects of Bitter Pu’er Tea and Its Three Major Compounds, Strictinin, Theacrine and Epigallocatechin Gallate, in Imiquimod-Treated Mice

by Pei-Yi Lin, Cian-Fen Jhuo, Nan-Hei Lin, Wen-Ying Chen and Jason T. C. Tzen

Compounds 2022, 2(4), 293-306; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds2040024 - 01 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2192

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes in association with the elevation of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-23 levels. In an animal model, psoriasis-like dermatitis was induced on the shaved dorsal skin of BALB/c mice by topical [...] Read more.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes in association with the elevation of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-23 levels. In an animal model, psoriasis-like dermatitis was induced on the shaved dorsal skin of BALB/c mice by topical application of imiquimod (IMQ), a synthetic ligand of Toll-like receptor 7. Administration of bitter Pu’er tea significantly reduced psoriasis-like dermatitis in IMQ-treated mice, including a reduction in dorsal skin lesions, splenomegaly and the mRNA expression levels of IL-17A and IL-23. To examine putative antipsoriatic constituents, three major compounds in bitter Pu’er tea, strictinin, theacrine and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were separately given as supplements to IMQ-treated mice. The results showed that all the three compounds attenuated the severity of psoriasis by reducing epidermal thickness. Only theacrine significantly attenuated splenomegaly. All the three compounds inhibited the expression of IL-23 mRNA in the skin as well as reduced the content of IL-17A⁺CD4⁺ T cells in the spleen, and strictinin was found to be relatively effective. It seemed that the antipsoriatic activity of bitter Pu’er tea was attributed to the additive effects of its multiple active compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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8 pages, 2124 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Secondary Interactions on Structural Diversity between a Pair of Halogen-Bonded Co-Crystals Containing Isosteric Donors

by Herman R. Krueger, Jr., Nicole M. Shapiro, Eric Bosch, Daniel K. Unruh and Ryan H. Groeneman

Compounds 2022, 2(4), 285-292; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds2040023 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1155

Abstract

The formation of a pair of co-crystals based upon isosteric halogen-bond donors, namely 1,4-diiodoperchlorobenzene and iodoperchlorobenzene, along with the acceptor 4,4-bipyridine is reported. As expected, the components in each co-crystal engage in halogen bonding interactions resulting in a one-dimensional chain-like structure. In particular, [...] Read more.

The formation of a pair of co-crystals based upon isosteric halogen-bond donors, namely 1,4-diiodoperchlorobenzene and iodoperchlorobenzene, along with the acceptor 4,4-bipyridine is reported. As expected, the components in each co-crystal engage in halogen bonding interactions resulting in a one-dimensional chain-like structure. In particular, the co-crystal containing 1,4-diiodoperchlorobenzene is primarily held together by I···N halogen bonds while the solid based upon iodoperchlorobenzene forms both I···N and Cl···N interactions. Structural diversity is achieved between these co-crystals based upon the type of secondary interactions involving the chlorine atoms on each halogen-bond donor even though they are isosteric in nature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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15 pages, 4214 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Computational Study on the Conformational Preferences of Neutral, Protonated and Deprotonated Glycine Dimers

by M. Luisa Pita and Ricardo A. Mosquera

Compounds 2022, 2(4), 252-266; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds2040021 - 12 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1444

Abstract

A conformational analysis has been carried out for monoprotonated, unprotonated and deprotonated glycine dimers in the gas phase and an aqueous solution. MP2/6-311++(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++(d,p) and M06/6-311++(d,p) optimizations were performed for more than 200 initial conformations comprising nonionic (COOH–CH₂–NH₂) (N) [...] Read more.

A conformational analysis has been carried out for monoprotonated, unprotonated and deprotonated glycine dimers in the gas phase and an aqueous solution. MP2/6-311++(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++(d,p) and M06/6-311++(d,p) optimizations were performed for more than 200 initial conformations comprising nonionic (COOH–CH₂–NH₂) (N) and zwitterionic (COO⁻–CH₂–NH₃⁺) (Z) structures for neutral monomers. All the methods indicate that Z monomers are preferred over N ones for the neutral and deprotonated dimers in aqueous solutions, whereas the reverse trend is observed in the gas phase (including also protonated dimers). NC and ZC structures coexist in aqueous solutions for the protonated glycine dimer. The preferred geometries are significantly different depending on the media and total dimer charge. Moreover, several minima display close energies in each series (media and total dimer charge). New conformers, not previously reported, are found to be significantly populated in those conformational mixtures. Dimers containing Z monomers are associated with larger absolute solvation energies and are more prone than N-containing ones to experience protonation and deprotonation in the gas phase, whereas the reverse trend is observed in the aqueous solution. The Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) analysis reveals that uncharged dimers display trifling electron density transfer between monomers, whereas it is significant in anionic and cationic dimers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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Review

Jump to: Research

21 pages, 3190 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Air Filtration: A Critical Review

by Maria Federica De Riccardis

Compounds 2023, 3(3), 390-410; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3030030 - 14 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1581

Abstract

Air filtration is an urgent global need because, in many countries and regions, the high concentration of inhalable suspended particles in the air is causing irreversible damage to human health. The use of nanofibrous membranes can help to reduce airborne particulate matter because [...] Read more.

Air filtration is an urgent global need because, in many countries and regions, the high concentration of inhalable suspended particles in the air is causing irreversible damage to human health. The use of nanofibrous membranes can help to reduce airborne particulate matter because of their large surface area, extremely porous structure, and adjustable pore size. However, despite their unique properties, the main drawbacks of nanofibre membranes are their poor mechanical properties. This review focuses on nanofibrous membranes prepared by electrospinning, a versatile technique in which the process parameters allow control of the morphology and dimensional characteristics of the nanofibres. Recent literature on air filtration is reviewed, focusing on the performance of materials such as pure or mixed polymers, organic–inorganic composites, and ‘green’ materials in the form of nanofibrous membranes. Finally, the recently proposed layered structures for nanofibre-based air filters are reviewed, offering the latest and most innovative solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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18 pages, 9705 KiB

Open AccessReview

Synthesis of Organoalkoxysilanes: Versatile Organic–Inorganic Building Blocks

by Carina I. C. Crucho

Compounds 2023, 3(1), 280-297; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3010021 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2702

Abstract

Organic–inorganic building blocks are an important class of hybrid materials due to the synergistic versatility of organic compounds with the robust properties of inorganic materials. Currently, the growing interest in silica hybrid materials to modify the physical and chemical properties of the silica [...] Read more.

Organic–inorganic building blocks are an important class of hybrid materials due to the synergistic versatility of organic compounds with the robust properties of inorganic materials. Currently, the growing interest in silica hybrid materials to modify the physical and chemical properties of the silica network has led to an increasing interest in organoalkoxysilanes. A general formula of R-[Si-(OR’)₃]_n, with OR’ as a hydrolysable alkoxy group and R acting as the organic functional group (n ≥ 1), has led to precursors for many molecules. By introducing adequate organic moieties (R), organoalkoxysilanes effectively engage in surface and matrix modification of silica-based materials with smart-responsive units, coupling agents, targeting moieties, bioactive moieties etc., opening promising applications, specifically biomedical ones. Several synthetic procedures have been established to introduce the alkoxysilane moieties, including hydrosilylation, coupling reactions, and addition reactions to isocyanates. Herein, we review synthetic routes to organoalkoxysilanes and the relationship between structural features to design appropriate organoalkoxysilanes for specific applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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36 pages, 3010 KiB

Open AccessReview

Boronation of Biomass-Derived Materials for Hydrogen Storage

by Andrea Lazzarini, Alessia Marino, Roberta Colaiezzi, Oreste De Luca, Giuseppe Conte, Alfonso Policicchio, Alfredo Aloise and Marcello Crucianelli

Compounds 2023, 3(1), 244-279; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3010020 - 14 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2123

Abstract

In spite of the widespread range of hydrogen applications as one of the greenest energy vectors, its transportation and storage still remain among the main concerns to be solved in order to definitively kickstart a rapid takeoff of a sustainable H₂ economy. [...] Read more.

In spite of the widespread range of hydrogen applications as one of the greenest energy vectors, its transportation and storage still remain among the main concerns to be solved in order to definitively kickstart a rapid takeoff of a sustainable H₂ economy. The quest for a simple, efficient, and highly reversible release storage technique is a very compelling target. Many studies have been undertaken to increase H₂ storage efficiency by exploiting either chemisorption or physisorption processes, or through entrapment on different porous solid materials as sorbent systems. Among these, biomass-derived carbons represent a category of robust, efficient, and low-cost materials. One question that is still open-ended concerns the correlation of H₂ uptake with the kind and number of heteroatoms as dopant of the carbonaceous sorbent matrix, such as boron, aiming to increase whenever possible bonding interactions with H₂. Furthermore, the preferred choice is a function of the type of hydrogen use, which may involve a short- or long-term storage option. In this article, after a brief overview of the main hydrogen storage methods currently in use, all the currently available techniques for the boronation of activated carbonaceous matrices derived from recycled biomass or agricultural waste are discussed, highlighting the advantages and drawbacks of each of them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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15 pages, 4417 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ageladine A, a Bromopyrrole Alkaloid from the Marine Sponge Agelas nakamurai

by George E. Magoulas

Compounds 2023, 3(1), 107-121; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3010010 - 19 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1479

Abstract

During the last three decades, secondary metabolites of marine origin have emerged as a significant source of bioactive compounds. Among the marine organisms explored, sponges offer a vast number of metabolites with unique structural diversity and a plethora of biological activities. Ageladine A, [...] Read more.

During the last three decades, secondary metabolites of marine origin have emerged as a significant source of bioactive compounds. Among the marine organisms explored, sponges offer a vast number of metabolites with unique structural diversity and a plethora of biological activities. Ageladine A, a fluorescent bromopyrrole alkaloid isolated from the marine sponge Agelas nakamurai, exhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitory properties, as well as antiangiogenic activity. Due to this interesting biological profile, Ageladine A became, soon after its discovery, a target for total synthesis. In addition, a significant number of derivatives have been synthesized, and their biological activity was evaluated. The present review highlights all the successful efforts made towards the synthesis of Ageladine A. Furthermore, all the medicinal chemistry approaches to identify and assess new more potent inhibitors and to elucidate the structural features responsible for the activity are described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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33 pages, 1386 KiB

Open AccessReview

Polyphenols in Health and Disease: Gut Microbiota, Bioaccessibility, and Bioavailability

by Joaquim Bié, Bruno Sepodes, Pedro C. B. Fernandes and Maria H. L. Ribeiro

Compounds 2023, 3(1), 40-72; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds3010005 - 05 Jan 2023

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7145

Abstract

Polyphenolic compounds (PC) are among the most abundant secondary metabolites in nature. They are widely distributed in the world and can be found in fruits, cereals, tea, coffee, and beverages. Due to their structural diversity, polyphenols have many different properties and biological effects. [...] Read more.

Polyphenolic compounds (PC) are among the most abundant secondary metabolites in nature. They are widely distributed in the world and can be found in fruits, cereals, tea, coffee, and beverages. Due to their structural diversity, polyphenols have many different properties and biological effects. They are resistant to the acid of the gastric tract, and very few are hydrolysed or absorbed in the stomach. Significant portions of ingested polyphenols reach the large intestine and interact with the local bacteria, the so-called gut microbiota. Epidemiological studies confirm that moderate and prolonged intake of foods rich in polyphenols could prevent the development of cancer and chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. The current work aims to provide an updated overview on the nature and occurrence of polyphenols, quantification methods, bioaccessibility and bioavailability, and impact on human health, namely through interactions with the gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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18 pages, 3033 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Traditional Chinese Medicines and Prescriptions Brought from China to Japan by a Monk (Jianzhen, Japanese: Ganjin): A Historical Review

by Shihui Liu, Toshihiko Matsuo, Chie Matsuo and Takumi Abe

Compounds 2022, 2(4), 267-284; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds2040022 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7885

Abstract

(1) Background: Japanese Kampo medicine has its origin in ancient Chinese medicine. In 742, a Tang Dynasty monk named Jianzhen (Ganjin) was invited by Japanese clerics to visit Japan and teach commandments in Buddhism. Because of the dangers of the voyage and also [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Japanese Kampo medicine has its origin in ancient Chinese medicine. In 742, a Tang Dynasty monk named Jianzhen (Ganjin) was invited by Japanese clerics to visit Japan and teach commandments in Buddhism. Because of the dangers of the voyage and also other obstacles, he took 11 years to reach Japan on the sixth voyage and he was blind when he arrived in Japan. He was the first person in China to go to Japan to establish the Buddhism commandments, and he was also the first person in Japan to directly teach traditional Chinese medicine. Until now, there have been few reports in English about the details of the Chinese herbal medicines he brought to Japan, including the types of herbal medicines, pharmacological activities, and formulations. In the review, we systematically and comprehensively summarized Jianzhen’s life from the standpoint of his medical and pharmaceutical knowledge and the types and pharmacological activities of Chinese herbal medicines and prescriptions that were brought to Japan by Jianzhen; (2) Methods: A review was made on the relevant literature written by Chinese, Japanese, and English languages regarding the medical and pharmacological knowledge of Jianzhen, the 36 Chinese herbal medicines brought to Japan by Jianzhen, and the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of these 36 herbal medicines, as well as their formulations; (3) Results: The review of the literature proved that Jianzhen’s prescriptions served as a basis for current herbal medicines (Kampo) in Japan. In the process of the literature search, we found a book entitled Jianshangren (Holy Priest Jianzhen)’s Secret Prescription, which recorded the complete prescription of the 36 traditional Chinese medicines Jianzhen brought to Japan; (4) Conclusions: Jianzhen is one of the ancestors of traditional Chinese medicine/Kampo medicine, and he brought traditional Chinese medicine and medical books to Japan for patients. He made important contributions to the development of traditional Chinese medicine in Japan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2022–2023))

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