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Children
Special Issues
Clinical Application of Imaging in Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Diseases
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Clinical Application of Imaging in Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Diseases

A special issue of Children (ISSN 2227-9067). This special issue belongs to the section "Pediatric Radiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 October 2025) | Viewed by 1817

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Kai-Sheng Hsieh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Structural/Congenital Heart Disease and Ultrasound Center, China Medical University Children’s Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, North District, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan
Interests: pediatric imaging; medical education; artificial intelligence; application of head-mounted device in medical education and training; cardiopulmonary physiology; pediatric intensive care
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Kenpen Weng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Interests: pediatric imaging; general pediatric cardiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Imaging is one of the most important fields in pediatric cardiology. In recent years, there have been many new advances in different aspects of pediatric cardiovascular and respiratory imaging, including echocardiography (Echo), chest sonography, computed tomography with or without angiography (CT/CTA), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All these different developments in pediatric cardiovascular imaging have been applied in various branches of pediatric cardiovascular diseases, including congenital heart diseases, Kawasaki Disease, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, hypertension, metabolic disorders, and various other vascular and pulmonary disorders. In this Special Issue in Children, titled “Clinical Application of Imaging in Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Diseases”, different forms of manuscripts, including original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, case series studies, and case reports, are welcome. We sincerely hope that your contributions will help disseminate up-to-date cutting-edge research to all readers and thus promote the further advancement of imaging in pediatric cardiopulmonary care.

Prof. Dr. Kai-Sheng Hsieh
Prof. Dr. Kenpen Weng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Children is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cardiopulmonary imaging
  • children echocardiography
  • sonography
  • computed tomography
  • magnetic resonance imaging

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 848 KB  
Article
Can We Use Simple Radiographic Measurements to Predict Need for Intervention in Neonatal Pneumothorax?
by Kati N. Baillie, Rohit Misra, Pauravi Vasavada, Moira Crowley, Monika Bhola and Rita M. Ryan
Children 2026, 13(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13010041 - 27 Dec 2025
Viewed by 537
Abstract
Background: Pneumothorax (PTX) develops in 1–2% of neonates, leading to significant morbidity and mortality and requiring providers to be comfortable with management. Our objective was to evaluate whether radiographic measurements of PTX size can be used to predict the need for procedural intervention [...] Read more.
Background: Pneumothorax (PTX) develops in 1–2% of neonates, leading to significant morbidity and mortality and requiring providers to be comfortable with management. Our objective was to evaluate whether radiographic measurements of PTX size can be used to predict the need for procedural intervention in neonates in order to help guide the need for the availability of specific personnel. Methods: With the help of a data analyst, 62 patients diagnosed with neonatal PTX between March 2016 and October 2024 were identified. Most babies (46) were born in 2023–2024 when our new electronic health record could more easily identify these infants. PTX size was evaluated using radiographs by calculating the ratio of the widest transverse measurement of the PTX on both anteroposterior (AP) and, when available, lateral decubitus (DECUB) divided by the widest transverse measurement of the hemithorax above the diaphragm. Clinical data were collected, and statistical analysis was performed using need for intervention (thoracentesis (TC), chest tube (CT), or both). Results: We found that a larger PTX size ratio, measured in the AP (p < 0.0001) or DECUB view (p < 0.008), was highly associated with need for intervention in this cohort of infants with PTX. Only 33% of PTXs required intervention. Also, 13/14 (93%) cases who underwent TC ultimately required a CT. PTX was more prevalent in males in general, but sex was not associated with needing intervention. The average gestational age (GA) of the cohort was 36 5/7 weeks, with only 12% being < 34 weeks GA. Univariate analysis indicated that lower GA and birth weight were risk factors for intervention. There was a trend (p = 0.075, by Fisher’s exact test) suggesting that infants with both respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and PTX may be more likely (60%) to require intervention (no RDS, 29% intervention). Finally, a receiver operator characteristic curve was derived from the AP ratio based on the yes/no intervention which resulted in an area under the curve statistic of 0.902 and the optimal AP ratio cutoff of 0.184. Conclusions: The ratio of the transverse measurement of the PTX/hemithorax size from radiographs was highly predictive for need for intervention in a cohort of primarily term infants with PTX. Smaller and lower GA infants were at a higher risk for requiring procedural intervention. Nearly all infants who had TC also needed a CT. These findings could inform clinical strategies for managing neonatal PTXs, especially in identifying appropriate needed personnel availability if a TC occurs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Application of Imaging in Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Diseases)
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Review

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14 pages, 5488 KB  
Review
Pediatric Thoracic MRI: Safer, Sharper and Smarter Diagnostics
by Patricia Tischendorf, Laura Beck and Tobias Krähling
Children 2025, 12(11), 1576; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12111576 - 20 Nov 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 934
Abstract
Background: Pediatric thoracic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved into a valuable diagnostic modality that offers high-resolution morphological and functional assessment. While conventional radiography and computed tomography (CT) remain standard, their radiation exposure poses significant risks in children requiring repeated imaging. Technological innovations [...] Read more.
Background: Pediatric thoracic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved into a valuable diagnostic modality that offers high-resolution morphological and functional assessment. While conventional radiography and computed tomography (CT) remain standard, their radiation exposure poses significant risks in children requiring repeated imaging. Technological innovations have addressed prior MRI limitations such as low lung proton density and motion artifacts, expanding its role in pediatric thoracic imaging. Methods: A review of the recent literature was performed, focusing on technical advancements, key MRI sequences and clinical applications in pediatric thoracic imaging. Emphasis was placed on ultrashort echo time (UTE), phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI, hyperpolarized xenon-129 MRI, radial imaging, compressed sensing, parallel imaging and respiratory gating techniques. Results: Modern MRI sequences provide both detailed anatomic visualization and quantitative functional assessment of the pediatric thorax. UTE and PREFUL enable evaluation of lung parenchyma, ventilation, and perfusion, while hyperpolarized gas imaging offers high-resolution functional mapping. Radial, compressed sensing and parallel imaging reduce motion artifacts and acquisition times, enhancing feasibility in uncooperative children. Clinical indications include assessment of congenital malformations, chronic lung disease like cystic fibrosis, infectious and inflammatory disorders, tumors and selected traumatic injuries. Conclusions: Recent technical advances have established pediatric thoracic MRI as a versatile, patient-friendly alternative, as well as a complementary method to CT in selected clinical scenarios. Ongoing developments in acquisition speed, motion compensation and functional imaging are expected to further improve diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility, supporting broader adoption in routine pediatric thoracic evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Application of Imaging in Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Diseases)
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