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Children
Special Issues
Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Global Perspective and Recent Developments
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Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Global Perspective and Recent Developments

A special issue of Children (ISSN 2227-9067). This special issue belongs to the section "Pediatric Ophthalmology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 1493

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kiran Bora

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Interests: retina biology; retinal metabolism; retinal development; rare hereditary diseases; retinal diseases
Dr. Deokho Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
Interests: Nutrition; Retinopathy; Aging; Lipid metabolism; Natural products
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) poses a significant challenge to public health worldwide. Neonates are frequently exposed to aggressive ventilatory support, fluctuating oxygen levels, and nutritional imbalances, all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of ROP. Remarkable progress has been made in recent decades towards understanding the disease, as well as in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a comprehensive overview of the most recent advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of ROP at the preclinical and clinical levels. We invite you to contribute your expertise, research findings, and clinical experience to our Special Issue. We welcome cutting-edge approaches spanning from genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying disease development to innovations in retinal imaging and functional testing. Topics of interest also include the application of artificial intelligence in disease detection and prognosis, novel molecular diagnostic tools, and preclinical studies exploring experimental therapies and emerging diagnostic modalities for various forms of retinopathy. By bringing together diverse perspectives from researchers, clinicians, and healthcare professionals, we hope to foster a deeper understanding of ROP to transform basic research into effective clinical interventions.

Dr. Kiran Bora
Dr. Deokho Lee
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Children is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • retinopathy of prematurity
  • retinal ischemia
  • retinal degeneration
  • vision loss
  • nutritional supplementations
  • diagnosis
  • therapeutic molecular targeting

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 523 KB  
Article
Comparison of Ventilation Support During Laser Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity
by Jason Peng, Raghav Taneja, Barry N. Wasserman, Krystal Hunter, Vineet Bhandari and Alla Kushnir
Children 2026, 13(3), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13030339 - 27 Feb 2026
Viewed by 461
Abstract
Objective: To compare respiratory outcomes between infants undergoing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) laser treatment with or without elective intubation. Study Design: This retrospective cohort study analyzed preterm infants treated by the same pediatric ophthalmologist at two tertiary hospitals between January 2010 and March [...] Read more.
Objective: To compare respiratory outcomes between infants undergoing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) laser treatment with or without elective intubation. Study Design: This retrospective cohort study analyzed preterm infants treated by the same pediatric ophthalmologist at two tertiary hospitals between January 2010 and March 2023, Hospital 1 (No-endotracheal tube or ETT intubation) and Hospital 2 (ETT intubation). Infants intubated for unrelated reasons or treated with only anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections were excluded. Data collected included demographics, comorbidities, ROP stage, and respiratory outcomes. Results: Among 91 infants (61 No-ETT, 30 ETT), the No-ETT group had significantly lower birth weight and had more Black infants. The mean duration of mechanical ventilation post-surgery was significantly shorter in the No-ETT than in the ETT cohort (0 vs. 1 days, p = 0.005), and the total respiratory support (both invasive and non-invasive) after surgery was significantly longer in the No-ETT than in the ETT cohort (108 vs. 4.5 days, p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed between groups in terms of length of hospital stay after surgery. The two cohorts demonstrated similar clinical trajectories with respect to overall length of hospital stay, day of life at which laser surgery was performed, and multiple comorbidities. Over 90% of No-ETT infants tolerated the procedure without requiring elective intubation, with emergent intubation only occurring 9.8% of the time. Conclusions: Elective intubation during ROP surgery was associated with a longer length of post-surgery mechanical ventilation without clear improvements in short-term outcomes. Similar rates of multiple comorbidities, hospital length of stay, and timing of laser surgery suggest there is no associated clinical advantage to routine elective intubation. Routine elective intubation may be unnecessary for most infants during ROP laser surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Global Perspective and Recent Developments)
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10 pages, 2014 KB  
Article
How Race and Birthweight May Influence Gender Differences in Retinopathy of Prematurity
by Robert W. Arnold and Jack Jacob
Children 2026, 13(3), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13030324 - 25 Feb 2026
Viewed by 354
Abstract
Background: ROP Check® monitoring and documentation software from 28 American hospitals collected clinical data from 2010 to 2024 representing infants from a wide range of races and ethnicities. Methods: De-identified data compared gender to treatment status, race, birthweight (BW), gestational age (GA) [...] Read more.
Background: ROP Check® monitoring and documentation software from 28 American hospitals collected clinical data from 2010 to 2024 representing infants from a wide range of races and ethnicities. Methods: De-identified data compared gender to treatment status, race, birthweight (BW), gestational age (GA) and gestational age at first treatment. Results: From 7070 total patients, with 5060 having timely or early initial exams based on American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines, 386 had treatment for ROP. Males constituted 54.3% of treated infants and 54.4% of all infants. There was no gender difference in gestational age or age at treatment, but males had greater birthweights (685 to 610 g). There were more females treated under 600 g. There were race-related birthweight differences in infants treated for ROP. Conclusion: There are more males screened and treated for ROP, but treatment rates are similar for both genders. Male preponderance reverses for infants with birthweight less than 600 g. Race has an influence on treated ROP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Global Perspective and Recent Developments)
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Review

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19 pages, 2593 KB  
Review
Long-Term Sequelae of Retinopathy of Prematurity—A Scoping Review
by Philippe Gros-Louis, Tianwei Ellen Zhou, Weronika Jakubowska, Allison L. Dorfman, Anna Polosa, Shigufa Kahn Ali, Valentina Parra and Cynthia X. Qian
Children 2026, 13(4), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13040483 - 30 Mar 2026
Viewed by 317
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to comprehensively map the structural impacts of ROP on all ocular structures, including and extending beyond the inner retina and the associated long-term sequelae that manifest into adulthood. Methods: This scoping review identified studies on animal oxygen-induced retinopathy and [...] Read more.
Purpose: This study aimed to comprehensively map the structural impacts of ROP on all ocular structures, including and extending beyond the inner retina and the associated long-term sequelae that manifest into adulthood. Methods: This scoping review identified studies on animal oxygen-induced retinopathy and clinical retinopathy of prematurity using a multi-database search. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by multiple reviewers using Covidence software. Results: ROP results in lasting ocular complications. Posterior segment findings include choroidal insufficiency, photoreceptor dysfunction, and retinal detachment. Anterior segment complications involve a higher incidence of angle-closure glaucoma, strabismus, and significant myopia. Conclusions: This scoping review was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, though it is limited by the exclusion of non-English studies. Lifelong ophthalmic monitoring is essential for ROP patients due to persistent anterior and posterior segment complications. This study also identifies key future research priorities, including elucidating mechanisms of foveal development and conducting longitudinal studies. Furthermore, as neonatal intensive care expands in low and middle-income regions, international collaboration is vital to guide screening and treatment and prevent a debilitating surge of ROP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Global Perspective and Recent Developments)
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