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Children
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Children with Specific Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Assessment and Intervention (2nd Edition)
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Children with Specific Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Assessment and Intervention (2nd Edition)

A special issue of Children (ISSN 2227-9067). This special issue belongs to the section "Pediatric Neurology & Neurodevelopmental Disorders".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 November 2025) | Viewed by 4916

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Carla Sogos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Neuroscience, Section of Child Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
Interests: autism spectrum disorder; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; neurodevelopmental disorders; child psychopathology; treatment in child psychiatry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

On behalf of the Editorial Team of the journal Children, I am pleased to announce the launch of this Special Issue, “Children with Specific Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Assessment and Intervention (2nd Edition)”, led by Dr. Carla Sogos (Sapienza University of Rome). As Guest Editor, I am particularly pleased to launch this Special Issue because it focuses on a crucial topic in child neuropsychiatry, and it highlights the importance of increasing knowledge about neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) as serious chronic conditions with a prevalence of 10–15% in children and adolescents. It is important to take into consideration the high level of heterogeneity and overlap in NDDs, also considering developmental change across a person’s lifetime.

There is much evidence in the literature showing that an early diagnosis in neurodevelopmental disorders allows patients to start personalized and intensive treatment, leading to a better prognosis. Hence, it is a relevant issue to expand the evidence on new diagnostic protocols that can prevent missed diagnoses and can allow us to detect and to treat comorbidities. Moreover, this Special Issue could deepen the impact of several therapeutic protocols (individual and group therapy) on the emotional–behavioral profile of children affected by NDDs, also considering innovative and technological tools.

Considering the success and popularity of the Special Issue “Children with Specific Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Assessment and Intervention” previously published in the journal Children (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/children/special_issues/1V4K519692), we now release a second edition that aims to invite original research and literature reviews that may have a significant impact on clinical presentation, diagnostic assessment, and novel therapeutic as well as intervention approaches in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Dr. Carla Sogos
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Children is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • autism
  • attention deficit
  • hyperactivity disorders
  • early diagnosis
  • child psychiatry
  • treatment

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 631 KB  
Article
Feeling the World Differently: Sensory and Emotional Profiles in Preschool Neurodevelopmental Disorders
by Federica Gigliotti, Maria Eugenia Martelli, Federica Giovannone and Carla Sogos
Children 2025, 12(7), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12070958 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1584
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Atypical sensory processing is increasingly recognized as a transdiagnostic dimension of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), with critical implications for emotional and behavioral regulation. This study aimed to identify distinct sensory profiles in preschool children with NDDs and to examine their associations with emotional–behavioral [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Atypical sensory processing is increasingly recognized as a transdiagnostic dimension of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), with critical implications for emotional and behavioral regulation. This study aimed to identify distinct sensory profiles in preschool children with NDDs and to examine their associations with emotional–behavioral and cognitive/developmental functioning. Methods: A total of 263 children (aged 21–71 months) diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), language disorder (LD), or other NDDs (ONDD) were recruited. Sensory processing was assessed using the SPM-P, emotional–behavioral functioning was assessed via the CBCL 1½–5, and cognitive/developmental levels were assessed through standardized instruments. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted to identify sensory subtypes. Group comparisons and multinomial logistic regression were used to examine profile characteristics and predictors of profile membership. Results: Three sensory profiles emerged: (1) Multisystemic Sensory Dysfunction (20.1%), characterized by pervasive sensory and emotional difficulties, primarily observed in ASD; (2) Typical Sensory Processing (44.9%), showing normative sensory and emotional functioning, predominantly LD; and (3) Mixed Subclinical Sensory Processing (35%), with subclinical-range scores across multiple sensory and emotional domains, spanning all diagnoses. Higher cognitive functioning and fewer internalizing symptoms significantly predicted membership in the typical profile. A gradient of symptom severity was observed across profiles, with the Multisystemic group showing the most pronounced emotional–behavioral impairments. Conclusions: Distinct sensory–emotional phenotypes were identified across diagnostic categories, supporting a dimensional model of neurodevelopment. Sensory profiles were strongly associated with emotional functioning, independently of diagnostic status. Early sensory assessment may therefore offer clinically meaningful insights into emotional vulnerability and inform targeted interventions in preschool populations with NDDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Children with Specific Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Assessment and Intervention (2nd Edition))
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Review

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18 pages, 267 KB  
Review
AI-Enabled Technologies and Biomarker Analysis for the Early Identification of Autism and Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders
by Rohan Patel, Beth A. Jerskey, Jennifer Shannon, Neelkamal Soares and Jason M. Fogler
Children 2025, 12(12), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12121670 - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related neurodevelopmental conditions are a significant public health concern, with diagnostic delays hindering timely intervention. Traditional assessments often lead to waiting times exceeding a year. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and biomarker-based screening offer objective, efficient alternatives [...] Read more.
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related neurodevelopmental conditions are a significant public health concern, with diagnostic delays hindering timely intervention. Traditional assessments often lead to waiting times exceeding a year. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and biomarker-based screening offer objective, efficient alternatives for early identification. Objective: This review synthesizes the latest evidence for AI-enabled technologies aimed at improving early ASD identification. Modalities covered include eye-tracking, acoustic analysis, video- and sensor-based behavioral screening, neuroimaging, molecular/genetic assays, electronic health record prediction, and home-based digital applications or apps. This manuscript critically evaluates their diagnostic accuracy, clinical feasibility, scalability, and implementation hurdles, while highlighting regulatory and ethical considerations. Findings: Across modalities, machine learning approaches demonstrate strong accuracy and specificity in ASD detection. Eye-tracking and voice-acoustic classifiers reliably differentiate for autistic children, while home-video analysis and Electronic Health Record (EHR)-based algorithms show promise for scalable screening. Multimodal integration significantly enhances predictive power. Several tools have received Food and Drug Administration clearance, signaling momentum for wider clinical deployment. Issues persist regarding equity, data privacy, algorithmic bias, and real-world performance. Conclusions: AI-enabled screeners and diagnostic aids have the potential to transform ASD detection and access to early intervention. Integrating these technologies into clinical workflows must safeguard equity, privacy, and clinician oversight. Ongoing longitudinal research and robust regulatory frameworks are essential to ensure these advances benefit diverse populations and deliver meaningful outcomes for children and families. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Children with Specific Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Assessment and Intervention (2nd Edition))
27 pages, 1272 KB  
Review
The Pediatric Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Development and Intervention
by Giuseppe Marano, Greta Sfratta, Ester Maria Marzo, Giorgia Cozzo, Francesca Abate, Gianandrea Traversi, Osvaldo Mazza, Esmeralda Capristo, Eleonora Gaetani and Marianna Mazza
Children 2025, 12(11), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12111561 - 17 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1250
Abstract
Background: The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in brain development and function, especially in early life. Disruptions in the pediatric microbiota–gut–brain axis have been linked to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. We hypothesize that early-life dysbiosis can perturb neurodevelopment via the pediatric microbiota–gut–brain [...] Read more.
Background: The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in brain development and function, especially in early life. Disruptions in the pediatric microbiota–gut–brain axis have been linked to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. We hypothesize that early-life dysbiosis can perturb neurodevelopment via the pediatric microbiota–gut–brain axis, increasing risk and/or severity of neuropsychiatric outcomes, and that microbiota-targeted strategies may mitigate this risk. Methods: We conducted a narrative review by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to January 2025 for studies addressing pediatric microbiota, neuropsychiatric development, and interventions. Human and animal studies were included if they provided mechanistic or clinical insights. Results: Key determinants of microbiota development in childhood include mode of delivery, feeding practices, antibiotic exposure, diet, and environment. Altered microbial composition has been associated with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, mood disorders, anxiety, and anorexia nervosa. Mechanistic pathways involve immune modulation, neural signaling (including the vagus nerve and enteric nervous system), and microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. Interventions targeting the microbiota—ranging from dietary strategies and probiotics to psychobiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation—show promise but require further pediatric-focused trials. Conclusions: The pediatric microbiota–gut–brain axis represents a critical window for neuropsychiatric vulnerability and intervention. Early-life strategies to support a healthy microbiota may help reduce the risk or severity of psychiatric disorders. Future research should prioritize longitudinal pediatric cohorts and clinical trials to translate mechanistic insights into precision interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Children with Specific Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Assessment and Intervention (2nd Edition))
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15 pages, 545 KB  
Case Report
Clinical and Research Insights from Pre-Emptive Early Intervention for Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Case Series
by Giulia Purpura, Silvia Annunziata, Stefania Biancardi, Michelle Brivio, Camilla Caporali, Giulia Mantegazza, Elena Piazza, Alice Restelli and Anna Cavallini
Children 2025, 12(11), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12111489 - 4 Nov 2025
Viewed by 650
Abstract
Background: Siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are considered biologically at risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) that may involve sensorimotor, adaptive, and social–communication domains. Previous studies have highlighted the potential value of early intervention programs during the first year of [...] Read more.
Background: Siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are considered biologically at risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) that may involve sensorimotor, adaptive, and social–communication domains. Previous studies have highlighted the potential value of early intervention programs during the first year of life, when symptoms may not yet be evident. This study explores the impact of pre-emptive and early interventions on the developmental trajectories of infants at risk for NDDs. Methods: This case-series study included four children (one at low risk and three at high risk) who participated in the ERI-SIBS Project (Early Recognition and Intervention in Siblings at High Risk for Neurodevelopmental Disorders), an ongoing, innovative, and ecological early recognition and intervention program for siblings of children with ASD. Intervention frequency was personalized based on the presence or absence of early risk indicators and continued for six months. Data on global functioning, social-communication abilities, and mother–child interactions were collected over one year. Results: Qualitative analysis revealed four distinct developmental trajectories and treatment responses, emphasizing the need for a multidimensional approach and the active engagement of parents in the intervention process. Conclusions: Findings from this case series provide an in-depth understanding of how biological and environmental factors may interact to influence the outcomes of early interventions in children at risk for NDDs. These results underscore the importance of early, individualized, and family-centered approaches to support optimal developmental outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Children with Specific Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Assessment and Intervention (2nd Edition))
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13 pages, 1184 KB  
Case Report
Reconceptualizing Pediatric Strabismus as a Condition Rooted in Sensory Processing Disorder: A Novel Case-Based Hypothesis
by Mirjana Bjeloš, Ana Ćurić, Mladen Bušić, Katja Rončević and Adrian Elabjer
Children 2025, 12(7), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12070904 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 878
Abstract
Background/Objectives: A direct link between sensory processing disorder (SPD) and strabismus has not been systematically investigated, though prior studies suggest sensory modulation may influence visual behaviors. Traditional approaches view strabismus through a binary lens—either normal or pathological motor deviation. This report presents a [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: A direct link between sensory processing disorder (SPD) and strabismus has not been systematically investigated, though prior studies suggest sensory modulation may influence visual behaviors. Traditional approaches view strabismus through a binary lens—either normal or pathological motor deviation. This report presents a proof-of-concept case suggesting strabismus may represent a neurobehavioral manifestation of sensory processing imbalance, rooted within the broader framework of SPD. Methods: We report a pediatric case marked by episodic monocular eye closure triggered by environmental stimuli, without identifiable ophthalmologic or neurologic pathology. The child’s symptoms were most consistent with sensory over-responsivity (SOR), a subtype of SPD, manifesting as stimulus-bound monocular eye closure and secondary self-regulatory behaviors. Results: We propose the Fusion Dysregulation Hypothesis, suggesting that exotropia and esotropia represent opposing outcomes along a continuum of sensory connectivity: exotropia arising from neural underwiring (hyporesponsivity and fusion instability), and esotropia from overwiring (hyperresponsivity and excessive fusion drive). Our case, marked by sensory hyperresponsivity, showed frequent monocular eye closure that briefly disrupted but did not impair fusion. This suggests an “overwired” binocular system maintaining single vision despite sensory triggers. In early-onset esotropia, such overconnectivity may become maladaptive, leading to sustained convergence. Conversely, autism spectrum disorder, typically associated with hypoconnectivity, may predispose to exotropia through reduced fusion maintenance. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for interdisciplinary evaluation. We advocate for structured sensory profiling in children presenting with strabismus and, conversely, for ophthalmologic assessment in those diagnosed with SPD. While our findings remain preliminary, they support a bidirectional screening approach and suggest that sensory modulation may play a previously under-recognized role in the spectrum of pediatric strabismus presentations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Children with Specific Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Assessment and Intervention (2nd Edition))
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