Phospholipids: Dynamic Lipid Signaling in Health and Diseases - Series 2

A special issue of Cells (ISSN 2073-4409). This special issue belongs to the section "Cell Signaling".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 15100

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Universita degli Studi di Milano, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan, Italy
Interests: lipid signalling; lipid metabolism; sphingolipids; oncology; neuropathology
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Phospholipid signaling is among the most important signal transduction pathways, essential for effective cellular responses, and regulation of homeostasis. Phospholipid signaling can integrate complex signals in space and time, and plays key roles in controlling a variety of cellular processes, such as metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, shape, motility, stemness, and death. This broad functional potential of phospholipid signaling derives from the structural and spatiotemporally diversity of phospholipids. Indeed, phospholipids, with their glycerol-phospholipid and sphingo-phospholipid classes, constitute a large superfamily of membrane lipids, exhibiting an extraordinary structure heterogeneity, mainly derived from their diversity in the hydrophobic acyl/sphingoid tails, which add a high level of complexity to that conferred by the polar head group. These molecules exhibit diverse and dynamic profiles, including multiple locations in either specific membrane microdomains, or different subcellular sites, or extracellular vesicles and extracellular fluids.

The large and structurally complex group of signaling phospholipids occurs through a complex and dynamic network of metabolic events, regulated by multiple enzymes, highly responsive to extracellular and intracellular factors. Moreover, the number of effectors that exist, even within a single cell, adds complexity downstream of phospholipid signaling activation. A further strength of phospholipid signaling resides in the generation of lysophospholipids, small lipid signals, secreted by some cell types that act as autocrine/paracrine signals through binding to specific receptors, and regulate different key processes ranging from embryo development to neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and immune response. Given the key role and the wide array of cell regulatory functions of phospholipid signaling, its dysregulation is at the root of many diseases. Evidence has recently accumulated showing that defects in phospholipid signaling occur in, and contribute to the onset of a range of pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, viral infections, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacological manipulation of membrane phospholipid composition and phospholipid signaling may provide new therapeutic modalities for different diseases.

This Special Issue seeks original research and review articles in the field of phospholipid signaling, providing recent advances, new concepts, and ideas concerning the mechanisms underlying phospholipid signaling in health and disease. Suggested potential topics include new aspects of phospholipid signaling; phospholipid signaling in extracellular vesicles and extracellular fluids; transcriptional control by phospholipid signaling; modulation of phospholipid signaling by stress signals and inflammation; advances in phospholipid signaling in diseases; therapeutic strategies targeting phospholipid signaling.

Prof. Laura Riboni
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • phospholipid signalling
  • lysophospholipids
  • phospholipases
  • lipid kinases
  • lipid phosphatases

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 3985 KiB  
Article
S1P Signalling Axis Is Necessary for Adiponectin-Directed Regulation of Electrophysiological Properties and Oxidative Metabolism in C2C12 Myotubes
by Caterina Bernacchioni, Roberta Squecco, Tania Gamberi, Veronica Ghini, Fabian Schumacher, Michele Mannelli, Rachele Garella, Eglantina Idrizaj, Francesca Cencetti, Elisa Puliti, Paola Bruni, Paola Turano, Tania Fiaschi and Chiara Donati
Cells 2022, 11(4), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11040713 - 17 Feb 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1969
Abstract
Background: Adiponectin (Adn), released by adipocytes and other cell types such as skeletal muscle, has insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is reported to act as effector of diverse biological actions of Adn in different tissues. S1P is a bioactive sphingolipid synthesized [...] Read more.
Background: Adiponectin (Adn), released by adipocytes and other cell types such as skeletal muscle, has insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is reported to act as effector of diverse biological actions of Adn in different tissues. S1P is a bioactive sphingolipid synthesized by the phosphorylation of sphingosine catalyzed by sphingosine kinase (SK) 1 and 2. Consolidated findings support the key role of S1P in the biology of skeletal muscle. Methods and Results: Here we provide experimental evidence that S1P signalling is modulated by globular Adn treatment being able to increase the phosphorylation of SK1/2 as well as the mRNA expression levels of S1P4 in C2C12 myotubes. These findings were confirmed by LC-MS/MS that showed an increase of S1P levels after Adn treatment. Notably, the involvement of S1P axis in Adn action was highlighted since, when SK1 and 2 were inhibited by PF543 and ABC294640 inhibitors, respectively, not only the electrophysiological changes but also the increase of oxygen consumption and of aminoacid levels induced by the hormone, were significantly inhibited. Conclusion: Altogether, these findings show that S1P biosynthesis is necessary for the electrophysiological properties and oxidative metabolism of Adn in skeletal muscle cells. Full article
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18 pages, 1637 KiB  
Article
Selectivity of mTOR-Phosphatidic Acid Interactions Is Driven by Acyl Chain Structure and Cholesterol
by Jolanta Żelasko and Aleksander Czogalla
Cells 2022, 11(1), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11010119 - 30 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2419
Abstract
The need to gain insights into the molecular details of peripheral membrane proteins’ specificity towards phosphatidic acid (PA) is undeniable. The variety of PA species classified in terms of acyl chain length and saturation translates into a complicated, enigmatic network of functional effects [...] Read more.
The need to gain insights into the molecular details of peripheral membrane proteins’ specificity towards phosphatidic acid (PA) is undeniable. The variety of PA species classified in terms of acyl chain length and saturation translates into a complicated, enigmatic network of functional effects that exert a critical influence on cell physiology. As a consequence, numerous studies on the importance of phosphatidic acid in human diseases have been conducted in recent years. One of the key proteins in this context is mTOR, considered to be the most important cellular sensor of essential nutrients while regulating cell proliferation, and which also appears to require PA to build stable and active complexes. Here, we investigated the specific recognition of three physiologically important PA species by the mTOR FRB domain in the presence or absence of cholesterol in targeted membranes. Using a broad range of methods based on model lipid membrane systems, we elucidated how the length and saturation of PA acyl chains influence specific binding of the mTOR FRB domain to the membrane. We also discovered that cholesterol exerts a strong modulatory effect on PA-FRB recognition. Our data provide insight into the molecular details of some physiological effects reported previously and reveal novel mechanisms of fine-tuning the signaling cascades dependent on PA. Full article
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15 pages, 1998 KiB  
Article
Different Lipid Signature in Fibroblasts of Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders
by Khaled I. Alatibi, Judith Hagenbuchner, Zeinab Wehbe, Daniela Karall, Michael J. Ausserlechner, Jerry Vockley, Ute Spiekerkoetter, Sarah C. Grünert and Sara Tucci
Cells 2021, 10(5), 1239; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051239 - 18 May 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2954
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (lc-FAOD) are a group of diseases affecting the degradation of long-chain fatty acids. In order to investigate the disease specific alterations of the cellular lipidome, we performed undirected lipidomics in fibroblasts from patients with carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, very [...] Read more.
Long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (lc-FAOD) are a group of diseases affecting the degradation of long-chain fatty acids. In order to investigate the disease specific alterations of the cellular lipidome, we performed undirected lipidomics in fibroblasts from patients with carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. We demonstrate a deep remodeling of mitochondrial cardiolipins. The aberrant phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio and the increased content of plasmalogens and of lysophospholipids support the theory of an inflammatory phenotype in lc-FAOD. Moreover, we describe increased ratios of sphingomyelin/ceramide and sphingomyelin/hexosylceramide in LCHAD deficiency which may contribute to the neuropathic phenotype of LCHADD/mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency. Full article
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Review

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23 pages, 2320 KiB  
Review
Dynamic Role of Phospholipases A2 in Health and Diseases in the Central Nervous System
by Grace Y. Sun, Xue Geng, Tao Teng, Bo Yang, Michael K. Appenteng, C. Michael Greenlief and James C. Lee
Cells 2021, 10(11), 2963; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10112963 - 30 Oct 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7091
Abstract
Phospholipids are major components in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. These molecules are comprised of two acyl or alkyl groups and different phospho-base groups linked to the glycerol backbone. Over the years, substantial interest has focused on metabolism of phospholipids by phospholipases [...] Read more.
Phospholipids are major components in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. These molecules are comprised of two acyl or alkyl groups and different phospho-base groups linked to the glycerol backbone. Over the years, substantial interest has focused on metabolism of phospholipids by phospholipases and the role of their metabolic products in mediating cell functions. The high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the central nervous system (CNS) have led to studies centered on phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), enzymes responsible for cleaving the acyl groups at the sn-2 position of the phospholipids and resulting in production of PUFA and lysophospholipids. Among the many subtypes of PLA2s, studies have centered on three major types of PLA2s, namely, the calcium-dependent cytosolic cPLA2, the calcium-independent iPLA2 and the secretory sPLA2. These PLA2s are different in their molecular structures, cellular localization and, thus, production of lipid mediators with diverse functions. In the past, studies on specific role of PLA2 on cells in the CNS are limited, partly because of the complex cellular make-up of the nervous tissue. However, understanding of the molecular actions of these PLA2s have improved with recent advances in techniques for separation and isolation of specific cell types in the brain tissue as well as development of sensitive molecular tools for analyses of proteins and lipids. A major goal here is to summarize recent studies on the characteristics and dynamic roles of the three major types of PLA2s and their oxidative products towards brain health and neurological disorders. Full article
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