Lipids and Lipidomics in Neurodegenerative Diseases

A special issue of Cells (ISSN 2073-4409). This special issue belongs to the section "Cellular Neuroscience".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2025) | Viewed by 21636

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Laboratoire de Mécanique des Contacts et des Structures (LaMCoS), Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, UMR5259, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
Interests: health; chronic diseases; metabolism; lipids; inflammation; oxidative stress; bioengineering
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Guest Editor
Nutrition-Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux (N-GERE), Inserm U1256, Campus Brabois, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
Interests: brain aging; Alzheimer’s disease; neurodegenerative diseases; neuronal membranes; lipids; nutrition; membrane protein interactions; endocytosis; vesicular trafficking; biomarkers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Neurodegenerative diseases represent one of the major health emergencies and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Millions of individuals are impacted by neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Multiple pathological processes contribute to the progression of these diseases, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and neuronal death, although the precise causes and chronology of these events have not yet been established. It is nevertheless accepted that the disruption of lipid homeostasis contributes greatly to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly due to the high lipid content of brain tissue. Lipids are active biomolecules that play key roles in various cerebral cellular processes, such as neuronal membrane dynamics, interactions with membrane proteins, and the consequences for their functionality, signaling and gene regulation, and endo/exocytosis. Understanding their role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases is therefore essential and must be based on relevant fundamental research. In this context, lipidomics represents a major research tool for understanding the mechanisms, discovering prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers, and identifying therapeutic targets, given the wide diversity of lipid molecular species involved.

To date, the treatment and cure of neurodegenerative disease remain a significant challenge because of an incomplete understanding of the events that lead to the selective neurodegeneration of brains. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide an overview of the current knowledge of molecular and cellular lipid pathways involved in neurodegenerative diseases, lipid alterations associated with neurodegenerative diseases, the interest of lipids in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, and lipidomics in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

This Special Issue welcomes submissions of original studies and reviews.

Dr. Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
Dr. Catherine Malaplate
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • lipids
  • lipidomics
  • neurodegenerative disease diagnosis, prevention, or treatment
  • cellular and molecular mechanisms

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 1160 KB  
Article
Inherent Lipid Composition Abnormalities in Astrocytes Associated with Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease (LOAD)
by Bruce M. Cohen, Eunjung Koh, Kandice R. Levental, Ilya Levental and Kai-Christian Sonntag
Cells 2026, 15(6), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15060549 - 19 Mar 2026
Viewed by 772
Abstract
Lipid abnormalities have been observed in brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood in association with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). It is unknown which of these abnormalities are precursors to LOAD and which are concomitants of illness or its treatment. Inherent abnormalities can be [...] Read more.
Lipid abnormalities have been observed in brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood in association with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). It is unknown which of these abnormalities are precursors to LOAD and which are concomitants of illness or its treatment. Inherent abnormalities can be identified in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain cells. These cells lack markers associated with aging and environmental exposures. The iPSC lines of patients with LOAD or healthy individuals were differentiated to astrocytes. Astrocytes are crucial to neural activity and health, and altered astrocyte functions are associated with LOAD pathology. Lipidomics analyses were performed on whole-cell and mitochondria-enriched fractions. Large reductions in cholesterol esters (CEs) and imbalances in fatty acids (FAs) were observed in LOAD-associated cells or their mitochondria. There were only modest differences in other lipid classes, including membrane structural lipids. The findings identify abnormalities in CEs, as well as in FAs, as inherent abnormalities and likely precursors to LOAD. These differences implicate mechanisms contributing to disease pathogenesis. Further study may lead to early interventions to prevent or delay LOAD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipids and Lipidomics in Neurodegenerative Diseases)
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23 pages, 4737 KB  
Article
Knockout of Perilipin-2 in Microglia Alters Lipid Droplet Accumulation and Response to Alzheimer’s Disease Stimuli
by Isaiah O. Stephens and Lance A. Johnson
Cells 2025, 14(22), 1783; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14221783 - 13 Nov 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3128
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are emerging as key regulators of metabolism and inflammation, with their buildup in microglia linked to aging and neurodegeneration. Perilipin-2 (Plin2) is a ubiquitously expressed LD-associated protein that stabilizes lipid stores; in peripheral tissues, its upregulation promotes lipid retention, inflammation, [...] Read more.
Lipid droplets (LDs) are emerging as key regulators of metabolism and inflammation, with their buildup in microglia linked to aging and neurodegeneration. Perilipin-2 (Plin2) is a ubiquitously expressed LD-associated protein that stabilizes lipid stores; in peripheral tissues, its upregulation promotes lipid retention, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction. Yet, its role in microglia remains unclear. Using CRISPR-engineered Plin2 knockout (KO) BV2 microglia, we examined how Plin2 contributes to lipid accumulation, bioenergetics, and immune function. Compared to wild-type (WT) cells, Plin2 KO microglia showed markedly reduced LD burden under basal and oleic acid-loaded conditions. Functionally, this was linked to enhanced phagocytosis of zymosan particles, even after lipid loading, indicating improved clearance capacity. Transcriptomics revealed genotype-specific responses to amyloid-β (Aβ), especially in mitochondrial metabolism pathways. Seahorse assays confirmed a distinct bioenergetic profile in KO cells, with reduced basal respiration and glycolysis but preserved mitochondrial capacity, increased spare reserve, and a blunted glycolytic response to Aβ. Together, these findings establish Plin2 as a regulator of microglial lipid storage and metabolic state, with its loss reducing lipid buildup, enhancing phagocytosis, and altering Aβ-induced metabolic reprogramming. Targeting Plin2 may represent a strategy to reprogram microglial metabolism and function in aging and neurodegeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipids and Lipidomics in Neurodegenerative Diseases)
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Review

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18 pages, 1655 KB  
Review
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Neuroinflammation in Depression: Targeting Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Neural Biomarkers
by Ikbal Andrian Malau, Jane Pei-Chen Chang, Yi-Wen Lin, Cheng-Chen Chang, Wei-Che Chiu and Kuan-Pin Su
Cells 2024, 13(21), 1791; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13211791 - 29 Oct 2024
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 16717
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent mental health condition with a complex pathophysiology involving neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and disruptions in neuronal and glial cell function. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, release inflammatory cytokines in response to pathological changes [...] Read more.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent mental health condition with a complex pathophysiology involving neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and disruptions in neuronal and glial cell function. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, release inflammatory cytokines in response to pathological changes associated with MDD. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) act as alarms, triggering microglial activation and subsequent inflammatory cytokine release. This review examines the cellular mechanisms underlying MDD pathophysiology, focusing on the lipid-mediated modulation of neuroinflammation. We explore the intricate roles of microglia and astrocytes in propagating inflammatory cascades and discuss how these processes affect neuronal integrity at the cellular level. Central to our analysis are three key molecules: High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) and S100 Calcium Binding Protein β (S100β) as alarmins, and Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) as an indicator of neuronal stress. We present evidence from in vitro and ex vivo studies demonstrating how these molecules reflect and contribute to the neuroinflammatory milieu characteristic of MDD. The review then explores the potential of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) as neuroinflammation modulators, examining their effects on microglial activation, cytokine production, and neuronal resilience in cellular models of depression. We critically analyze experimental data on how ω-3 PUFA supplementation influences the expression and release of HMGB1, S100β, and NSE in neuronal and glial cultures. By integrating findings from lipidomic and cellular neurobiology, this review aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which ω-3 PUFAs may exert their antidepressant effects through modulation of neuroinflammatory markers. These insights contribute to our understanding of lipid-mediated neuroprotection in MDD and may inform the development of targeted, lipid-based therapies for both depression and neurodegenerative disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipids and Lipidomics in Neurodegenerative Diseases)
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