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Cancers in Chronic HIV Infection

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Infectious Agents and Cancer".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2025) | Viewed by 2271

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Infectious Disease Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
Interests: HIV; AIDS; infectious diseases; HIV immunology; HIV prevention infection; HIV therapy; anti-HIV agents; interferon

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

HIV increases the risk of developing cancer, and it has been considered a carcinogenic since 1996. The combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and the subsequent immune restoration leads to a significant reduction in the incidence of AIDS-defining cancers in people with HIV (PWH); however, the incidence of cancer is still much higher in HIV patients than in the general population. In addition, non-AIDS-defining cancers (such as liver and anal cancers) are also increasing in number as a consequence of persistent immune system dysregulation, even after long-term virological suppression and a robust immune recovery.

Modern HIV pharmacology has successfully turned this deadly disease into a chronic condition. Cancers are becoming critical comorbidities in aging PWH due to concomitant infections with oncogenic viruses, accelerated aging, and higher prevalence of risk factors. Thus, HIV patients are exposed to infection-related and infection-unrelated cancers, as primary or secondary malignancies.

The aim of this Special Issue is to refocus the attention of healthcare providers, going beyond the undetectable viral load, reshaping clinical management, and supporting both proactive screening and preventive strategies. In this Special Issue of Cancers, we welcome original research articles or comprehensive reviews focusing on cancer risk, types of malignancies, pathogenesis, barriers in diagnosing, treatment disparities, treatment outcomes, and preventive strategies. We look forward to your submissions.

Dr. Diego Ripamonti
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • cancer
  • HIV
  • AIDS
  • cancer screening
  • hematologic malignancy
  • Kaposi sarcoma
  • HPV
  • anal cancer
  • lymphoma

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 1087 KB  
Article
Cancer Risk in Men with HIV in Japan: An 18-Year Single-Center Cohort Study
by Keiji Konishi, Tomoko Uehira, Kazuyuki Hirota, Takashi Ueji, Yasuharu Nishida, Takuma Shirasaka and Dai Watanabe
Cancers 2026, 18(2), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18020248 - 14 Jan 2026
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Abstract
Objectives: Among people with HIV (PWH), the epidemiology of malignant tumors has shifted from AIDS-defining malignancies (ADMs) to non-AIDS-defining malignancies (NADMs). This study examined temporal changes in the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of malignant tumors in an HIV cohort in Japan. Methods [...] Read more.
Objectives: Among people with HIV (PWH), the epidemiology of malignant tumors has shifted from AIDS-defining malignancies (ADMs) to non-AIDS-defining malignancies (NADMs). This study examined temporal changes in the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of malignant tumors in an HIV cohort in Japan. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 3793 men treated for HIV at Osaka National Hospital between 2007 and 2024. Diagnoses of malignant tumors were identified from medical records and the expected numbers of cases were calculated using cancer incidence rates for the general male population of Japan. SIRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and temporal changes across four periods (2007–2011, 2012–2016, 2017–2020, and 2021–2024) were evaluated using the p for trend. Results: The overall SIR for malignant tumors decreased from 5.12 (95% CI: 4.02–6.43) in 2007–2011 to 0.86 (95% CI: 0.64–1.14) in 2021–2024, mainly owing to a decline in ADMs (SIR: 111.93 to 5.70), including Kaposi’s sarcoma (SIR: 4269.39 to 547.26) and AIDS-related lymphoma (SIR: 62.18 to 3.13). The overall SIR for NADMs was similar to that of the general population (1.04; 95% CI: 0.89–1.22), and decreased from 1.64 to 0.69, but the risks of anal cancer (SIR 40.63) and oral/pharyngeal cancer (SIR 3.16) remained high. Conclusions: Among men with HIV in Japan, the overall risk of ADMs and NADMs has decreased; however, the risk of specific NADMs remains high. Cancer prevention strategies for PWH need to focus on high-risk NADMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancers in Chronic HIV Infection)
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22 pages, 1082 KB  
Article
Mortality and Non-Fatal Clinical Outcomes After the Most Common Cancers in People with HIV: A Multicohort Collaboration
by Alisa Timiryasova, Lauren Greenberg, Pere Domingo, Philip E. Tarr, Alexander Egle, Charlotte Martin, Cristina Mussini, Ferdinand Wit, Antonella Cingolani, Clara Lehmann, Antonella Castagna, Kathy Petoumenos, Caroline A. Sabin, Fabrice Bonnet, Jens Lundgren, Martina Bottanelli, Sean Hosein, Christina Carlander, Alain Amstutz, Katharina Grabmeier-Pfistershammer, Harmony Garges, Andrea Marongiu, Lital A. Young, Lars Peters, Lene Ryom and on behalf of the D:A:D and RESPOND Study groupsadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Cancers 2025, 17(24), 4000; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17244000 - 16 Dec 2025
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Whilst cancer is a leading cause of death in people with HIV, less is known about clinical outcomes after cancer. Methods: Participants from the RESPOND and D:A:D cohorts with the five most common cancers (Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS); non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL); [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Whilst cancer is a leading cause of death in people with HIV, less is known about clinical outcomes after cancer. Methods: Participants from the RESPOND and D:A:D cohorts with the five most common cancers (Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS); non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL); and lung, anal and prostate cancers) were followed from first cancer diagnosis after 2006/2012 [D:A:D/RESPOND] until death, final follow-up or administrative censoring (2016/2021). Incidence rates (IR) were calculated for post-cancer mortality; for non-fatal events (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, another primary cancer, AIDS events) individually and as a non-fatal composite clinical outcome (CCO). Predictors or mortality and CCO were assessed using Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations. Results: Amongst 2485 participants with cancer, mortality and CCO IRs were highest after lung cancer (445.4/1000 person years [95% CI 399.7, 494.9], 117.1 [94.3, 143.8], respectively) compared to other cancers and lowest after KS (21.3 [16.9, 26.6], 43.9 [37.5, 51.3]). The most common non-fatal outcomes were AIDS events after NHL and KS, diabetes after lung and prostate cancer and another primary cancer after anal cancer. Among people with NHL and anal cancer, a diagnosis in more recent years was associated with lower mortality risk. Increasing the time-updated CD4 count reduced mortality by 15–40% (per 100 cells/µL) after NHL and anal and lung cancers and reduced CCO risk by 17–28% after KS and NHL. Smoking, low BMI and multimorbidity increased CCO risks by two to three times after KS and NHL. Conclusions: Risk of post-cancer mortality and non-fatal outcomes varies by cancer type and risk profile, suggesting the need for personalized post-cancer clinical monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancers in Chronic HIV Infection)
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