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Potential Biomarkers in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2025) | Viewed by 2367

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Anna and Peter Brojde Lung Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
Interests: lung cancer; immunotherapy; ctDNA; treatment outcomes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the treatment landscape across various cancer types by harnessing the immune system to combat tumors. Despite their success, response rates remain suboptimal, with only a subset of patients achieving durable clinical benefits. Identifying reliable biomarkers for predicting and monitoring responses to ICIs has thus become a critical area of research.

This Special Issue focuses on potential biomarkers in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, exploring their role in patient selection, resistance mechanisms, and therapeutic outcomes. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • PD-L1 expression as a predictive biomarker and its limitations.
  • Tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and neoantigen load.
  • Emerging biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), peripheral immune signatures, and novel genomic, transcriptomic, or proteomic markers.
  • Mechanisms underlying primary and acquired resistance to ICIs.
  • Biomarkers for immune-related adverse events (irAEs).
  • The integration of biomarkers into real-world clinical decision-making and trials.

We welcome submissions of original research, reviews, and commentaries that advance our understanding of biomarkers in immunotherapy. By shedding light on predictive and prognostic indicators, this Special Issue aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts to refine immune-based treatments and improve outcomes for cancer patients.

Dr. Goulnar Kasymjanova
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • advanced metastatic cancer
  • personalized immunotherapy
  • predictive biomarkers
  • circulating tumor DNA
  • resistance mechanisms
  • tumor microenvironment (TME)
  • adverse events
  • real-world evidence

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

29 pages, 1082 KB  
Review
Sex Differences in the Response to Lung Cancer and Its Relation to Programmed Cell Death Protein-1/Programmed Death-Ligand-1 Checkpoint Therapies
by Morgan Puglisi, Lauren May, Thusna Gardiyehewa and Joseph W. Landry
Cancers 2025, 17(24), 3953; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17243953 - 11 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 600
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Tumor cells exploit a variety of mechanisms to inhibit the immune response to lung cancer. The programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis is frequently dysregulated in lung cancers with significant impacts on tumor growth. A sex difference has been observed [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Tumor cells exploit a variety of mechanisms to inhibit the immune response to lung cancer. The programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis is frequently dysregulated in lung cancers with significant impacts on tumor growth. A sex difference has been observed in lung cancer progression and the response to PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, with the extent of benefits differing between men and women. The mechanism underlying these differences has not been fully established. Methods: In an attempt to better understand the nature of these differences, we searched the available literature for reports connecting sex specific bioactive molecules—including estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, leptin, and activin/inhibin—to sex differences in lung cancer and the response to PD-1/PDL-1 therapies. We then condensed this information to help generate testable hypotheses to explain the observed sex differences in lung cancer and its immunotherapies. Conclusions: From these efforts, we discovered potential roles for sex steroids, FSH, LH, prolactin, leptin, and activin/inhibin in both immune cell activity and cancer cell survival and in the response to PD-1/PD-L1 therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Biomarkers in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors)
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19 pages, 353 KB  
Review
Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma: A Focus on PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors
by Vasiliki Zoi, Vasiliki Galani, Chrissa Sioka, Georgios A. Alexiou and Athanassios P. Kyritsis
Cancers 2025, 17(23), 3777; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17233777 - 26 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1464
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal type of tumor of the central nervous system, with an average survival of 15 months after first diagnosis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been largely investigated for their ability to harness the immune system to combat [...] Read more.
Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal type of tumor of the central nervous system, with an average survival of 15 months after first diagnosis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been largely investigated for their ability to harness the immune system to combat tumors. However, their efficacy varies a lot depending on tumor type. In glioblastoma, PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy has been explored in various studies; however, the unique immunosuppressive environment in the brain and the presence of the blood–brain barrier as well as the large intratumoral heterogeneity have limited its efficacy considerably. In order to improve the clinical efficacy of ICIs, it is important to delve into the different factors affecting the response rate in GBM. Herewith, we summarize the most common causes of resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy as well as possible ways of enhancing its efficacy, particularly through combination with other therapeutic agents in the preclinical and clinical setting. Furthermore, we provide an insight into the most promising methods for modulating the blood–brain barrier, as well as the growing role of molecular imaging and radiogenomics in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Biomarkers in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors)
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