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The Impact of Treatment Resistance in Prostate Cancer

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Therapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 December 2025) | Viewed by 2239

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
Interests: prostate cancer; treatment resistance; targeted therapy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The past decade of genomic profiling has proven that prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous disease, and the cellular and extracellular factors responsible for prostate cancer progression and therapeutic resistance remain unclear. Primary PCa is driven by activation of the androgen receptor (AR), and most patients initially respond well to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, almost all patients will progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRCP), which has no effective treatments. The therapeutic landscape for prostate cancer has dramatically changed due to advances in ADT, radiation, and the introduction of immunotherapy. While these treatments have shown success and improved patient outcomes, they are not curative and select for more aggressive, highly resistant forms of prostate cancer. Therefore, there is a need for a complete understanding of the cellular and tumor microenvironmental factors that facilitate therapeutic resistance, not just the androgen receptor (AR)’s signaling cascade, to identify new drug targets. The objective of this collection is to highlight the latest insights into PCa progression, the mechanisms of drug resistance, and new approaches to targeted therapy.

Dr. Noel Andrew Warfel
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • prostate cancer
  • treatment resistance
  • progression
  • drug target
  • targeted therapy

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 3248 KB  
Article
Snail1 Induced Suppression of Proliferation via EGR1, FOXO1, and CEPBγ Creates a Vulnerability for Targeting Apoptotic and Cellular Senescence Pathways
by Jack Tran, Samyukta Sundaram, Sukirti Shivpuri, Hunain Khawaja and Cynthia K. Miranti
Cancers 2026, 18(3), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18030510 - 4 Feb 2026
Viewed by 933
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The annual ~36,000 prostate cancer (PCa) deaths represent a large clinical unmet need and a call for deeper understanding of PCa metastasis. Epithelial–mesenchymal-transition (EMT) has been used to model metastatic behaviors in numerous cancers including PCa. One hallmark of EMT is cell [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The annual ~36,000 prostate cancer (PCa) deaths represent a large clinical unmet need and a call for deeper understanding of PCa metastasis. Epithelial–mesenchymal-transition (EMT) has been used to model metastatic behaviors in numerous cancers including PCa. One hallmark of EMT is cell cycle suppression, but how EMT impacts PCa proliferation remains unclear primarily due to the lack of appropriate models. Methods: We transiently induced Snail1 (SNAI1) expression, an EMT driver expressed in PCa, at physiological levels in three PCa cells lines, C4-2B, 22Rv1, and DU145. We used RNA-seq, ChIP-Seq, bioinformatics, qRT-PCR, shRNA, and immunoblotting to identify mechanisms of Snail1-driven inhibition of proliferation. Results: Snail1 suppressed proliferation and G2/M cell cycle progression, without affecting cell death. Mechanistically, Snail1 upregulated expression of CEBPγ, ERG1, FOXO1, cyclin G1, p21, stress genes SESN3 and SOD3, apoptotic programmers Puma, Bax, and Noxa, and senescence-related laminB1, and downregulated Ki67, cyclins A2 and B2. ChIP-Seq data identified Snail1 direct binding to p21, cyclin B2 and G1, EGR1, and CEPBγ promoters. EGR1 induced FOXO1, and EGR1 was required for Snail1-induced SOD3 and Puma, and suppression of Caspase 3 to prevent apoptosis. The EGR1/FOXO1 axis induced BAX, Noxa, and SESN3. CEBPγ was required for Snail1 induction of Lamin B1 to block Snail1-induced senescence. Conclusions: We identified three new major downstream targets of Snail1 that improve our understanding of the role of EMT in limiting stress signaling, apoptosis, and senescence during cell cycle suppression to create a vulnerability for therapeutic targeting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Treatment Resistance in Prostate Cancer)
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Review

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26 pages, 683 KB  
Review
Hypoxia-Driven Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Prostate Cancer
by Madeline R. Ressel, Caitlyn E. Flores and Noel A. Warfel
Cancers 2026, 18(6), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18060899 - 11 Mar 2026
Viewed by 906
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy in men and is the second leading cause of male cancer-related mortality. Unlike many cancers, prostate cancer lacks clear genetic driver mutations, suggesting that factors in the tumor microenvironment contribute to the genesis and progression [...] Read more.
Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy in men and is the second leading cause of male cancer-related mortality. Unlike many cancers, prostate cancer lacks clear genetic driver mutations, suggesting that factors in the tumor microenvironment contribute to the genesis and progression of this disease. Hypoxia, or a physiological state of low oxygen, is a universal characteristic of solid tumors that enhances disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Prostate cancer develops in a hypoxic microenvironment and primarily metastasizes to bone, where oxygen availability is similarly limited. Therefore, hypoxia is a major obstacle to the effective treatment of prostate cancer across all disease stages. Clinically, hypoxia is correlated with worse patient outcomes, largely because it drives resistance to the frontline therapies used to treat both primary and metastatic prostate cancer. Despite the established role of hypoxia in prostate cancer progression and drug resistance, it has not been successfully targeted therapeutically. Emerging evidence indicates that exposure to distinct temporal patterns of hypoxia (acute, cyclic, and chronic) elicits unique cellular adaptations that dictate tumor growth and survival. This review synthesizes current evidence regarding the role of hypoxia in promoting resistance to therapy in prostate cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Treatment Resistance in Prostate Cancer)
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