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Evolution of Cancer Therapies: Access of Developing Countries to Modern Oncology

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Therapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2026 | Viewed by 3810

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
Interests: integrative tumour immunology; cancer immunotherapy; genetic oncology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Cancers will focus on papers from the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Oncology (ICCO 2025) (linked to: https://www.iccotunisia.com/), due to take place in Tunis, Tunisia, on October 3–5, 2025.

Conventional treatments for cancer include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, and surgery. More personalized Research advances have improved cancer treatment to make it more effective and more personalized. In fact, during the last two decades, the landscape of tumor treatment has undergone a comprehensive and remarkable transformation. The cutting-edge treatment modalities (small molecule targeted drugs, personalized vaccines, cell therapy, gene editing, and the microbiome) allowed personalized and precise tumor targeting. Currently, new approaches targeting, in particular, the immune system are bringing us closer to a future where cancer becomes a curable disease. Nevertheless, the oncological gap worldwide stands as a painful reality. Already, over half of new cancers arise in people in the developing world, and much remains to be done to raise awareness and concern about cancer in the developing world. It is therefore crucial to assist clinicians and researchers from the emerging countries in gaining a deeper understanding of these diverse treatment options, enabling them to carry out effective patient treatment.

Despite progress in the development of new cancer drugs, concerns about equity of access remain. While the gap is to be minded, there is a call for the scientific and clinical communities to share their experiences, best practices, and lessons learned to mitigate inequalities.

The 4th International Conference on Contemporary Oncology (ICCO 2025) focused on advancing cancer care through AI, immunotherapy, early detection, precision medicine, fostering global exchange, and training future oncologists.

We also welcome non-conference authors to submit manuscripts relevant to the theme of this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Salem Chouaib
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cancers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • conventional cancer therapies
  • modern oncology
  • recission medicine
  • cancer immunotherapy
  • artificial intelligence
  • targeted agents
  • equity and globally equal access

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 1405 KB  
Article
When Standards Meet Reality: An Inverted PORTEC-3 Protocol for High-Risk Endometrial Cancer in Resource-Limited Settings
by Raouia Ben Amor, Ines Mlayeh, Amal Riahi, Zeineb Naimi, Myriam Saadi, Rihab Haddad, Ghada Bouguerra, Awatef Hamdoun, Lilia Ghorbel, Nesrine Mejri Turki and Lotfi Kochbati
Cancers 2026, 18(3), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18030415 - 28 Jan 2026
Viewed by 759
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy represents a standard adjuvant treatment for patients with high-risk endometrial cancer. However, limited access to radiotherapy in many healthcare systems frequently results in treatment delays, potentially compromising outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy represents a standard adjuvant treatment for patients with high-risk endometrial cancer. However, limited access to radiotherapy in many healthcare systems frequently results in treatment delays, potentially compromising outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oncologic outcomes and toxicity profile of an inverted treatment sequence consisting of upfront chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Methods: We conducted a retrospective single-center study including patients with non-metastatic high-risk endometrial cancer. Eligible patients had FIGO stage I grade 3 disease with lymphovascular space invasion, stage II–III disease, or non-endometrioid histology. All patients received four cycles of paclitaxel–carboplatin followed by pelvic radiotherapy with concurrent cisplatin. Survival outcomes, including local recurrence-free survival, disease-free survival, metastasis-free survival, and overall survival, were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models. Acute hematologic toxicity was graded according to CTCAE v5.0. Bone marrow dose–volume parameters were evaluated, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to identify thresholds associated with grade ≥ 2 hematologic toxicity. Results: Fifty-two patients were included, with a median follow-up of 31.4 months. Five-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates were 86.1% and 77.5%, respectively. Ten patients relapsed, with distant metastases observed in all cases and synchronous local recurrence in one. Delays between surgery and radiotherapy of 20 weeks or more, as well as delays exceeding 10 weeks before initiation of chemotherapy, were associated with significantly reduced disease-free survival. Grade ≥ 2 hematologic toxicity was frequent, and neutropenia was associated with inferior overall survival. Bone marrow dose–volume thresholds predictive of hematologic toxicity included V40 Gy < 20–25% and V30 Gy < 40%. Conclusions: A chemotherapy-first adjuvant strategy provides favorable oncologic outcomes and excellent locoregional control in high-risk endometrial cancer when radiotherapy is delayed. However, increased hematologic toxicity highlights the importance of optimized bone marrow sparing. Full article
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15 pages, 446 KB  
Article
Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Potential Drug–Drug Interactions in Hospitalized Pediatric Oncology Patients: A Prospective Pharmacoepidemiologic Study
by Omid Reza Zekavat, Narjes Zarsanj, Adel Sadeghdoust, Alekhya Lavu, Mohammadreza Bordbar, Sherif Eltonsy and Payam Peymani
Cancers 2025, 17(18), 3054; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17183054 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1756
Abstract
Background: Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) are frequent and potentially harmful in pediatric cancer patients due to polypharmacy and complex chemotherapy regimens. However, data on DDIs in hospitalized pediatric oncology patients remain limited, particularly in Middle Eastern settings. Methods: In this prospective study, we analyzed [...] Read more.
Background: Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) are frequent and potentially harmful in pediatric cancer patients due to polypharmacy and complex chemotherapy regimens. However, data on DDIs in hospitalized pediatric oncology patients remain limited, particularly in Middle Eastern settings. Methods: In this prospective study, we analyzed prescriptions for hospitalized pediatric oncology patients in Iran to assess the prevalence, severity, and nature of potential DDIs (PDDIs). Chemotherapy and supportive medications were analyzed using two validated databases (Lexi-Interact™ and Drugs.com™) between November 2019 and June 2020. Results: Of 80 patients (median age 8.9 years), 21.2% had at least one documented PDDI. We identified 197 total PDDIs involving 42 unique drug pairs. The most common DDIs included acetaminophen and granisetron (severity rating: moderate). Methotrexate and vincristine were the most frequent antineoplastic DDI pair. Methotrexate alone accounted for 156 interactions. Conclusions: This is the first prospective study from Iran—and the largest in the region—investigating PDDIs in pediatric oncology. The dual-database screening approach improved PDDI detection. Clinical teams should routinely evaluate medication profiles in pediatric cancer patients to minimize avoidable harms from DDIs. Full article
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Review

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21 pages, 649 KB  
Review
Smart Lies and Sharp Eyes: Pragmatic Artificial Intelligence for Cancer Pathology: Promise, Pitfalls, and Access Pathways
by Mohamed-Amine Bani
Cancers 2026, 18(3), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18030421 - 28 Jan 2026
Viewed by 795
Abstract
Background: Whole-slide imaging and algorithmic advances have moved computational pathology from research to routine consideration. Despite notable successes, real-world deployment remains limited by generalization, validation gaps, and human-factor risks, which can be amplified in resource-constrained settings. Content/Scope: This narrative review and [...] Read more.
Background: Whole-slide imaging and algorithmic advances have moved computational pathology from research to routine consideration. Despite notable successes, real-world deployment remains limited by generalization, validation gaps, and human-factor risks, which can be amplified in resource-constrained settings. Content/Scope: This narrative review and implementation perspective summarizes clinically proximate AI capabilities in cancer pathology, including lesion detection, metastasis triage, mitosis counting, immunomarker quantification, and prediction of selected molecular alterations from routine histology. We also summarize recurring failure modes, dataset leakage, stain/batch/site shifts, misleading explanation overlays, calibration errors, and automation bias, and distinguish applications supported by external retrospective validation, prospective reader-assistance or real-world studies, and regulatory-cleared use. We translate these evidence patterns into a practical checklist covering dataset design, external and temporal validation, robustness testing, calibration and uncertainty handling, explainability sanity checks, and workflow-safety design. Equity Focus: We propose a stepwise adoption pathway for low- and middle-income countries: prioritize narrow, high-impact use cases; match compute and storage requirements to local infrastructure; standardize pre-analytics; pool validation cohorts; and embed quality management, privacy protections, and audit trails. Conclusions: AI can already serve as a reliable second reader for selected tasks, reducing variance and freeing expert time. Safe, equitable deployment requires disciplined validation, calibrated uncertainty, and guardrails against human-factor failure. With pragmatic scoping and shared infrastructure, pathology programs can realize benefits while preserving trust and accountability. Full article
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