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Cancers
Special Issues
State-of-the-Art Treatment on Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy for Urological Cancer
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State-of-the-Art Treatment on Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy for Urological Cancer

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Tumor Microenvironment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 7080

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Kouji Izumi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
Interests: prostate cancer; androgen receptor; castration-resistant prostate cancer; immuno-oncology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hiroshi Yaegashi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
Interests: prostate cancer

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The recent progress of medical oncology in urological cancer is remarkable. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibody–drug conjugates, and molecular targeting agents for kidney and urothelial cancer have dramatically changed the treatment system and philosophy. Radioligand therapy for prostate cancer is a promising modality and is now used worldwide. Although these novel concepts of treatment strategies contribute to the improvement of patient’s survival and quality of life, most patients with advanced cancer still cannot be cured, and the cancer cells at metastatic sites are hardly eradicated. In addition, urological rare cancers such as urachal cancer, penile cancer, adrenal cancer, and retroperitoneal sarcoma still have no standard therapy. This Special Issue calls for clinical studies and reviews of state-of-the-art treatments for urological cancers. Basic research dissecting biological, pathological, and pharmacological mechanisms for the development of novel treatments in urological cancers is also welcome.

Prof. Dr. Kouji Izumi
Dr. Hiroshi Yaegashi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cancers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • chemotherapy
  • immunotherapy
  • antibody–drug conjugate
  • radioligand therapy
  • urological cancer
  • prostate cancer
  • kidney cancer
  • urothelial cancer
  • urachal cancer
  • penile cancer
  • adrenal cancer
  • sarcoma
  • clinical trial
  • basic research

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 3341 KiB  
Article
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Nationwide Analysis of Eligibility, Utilization, and Outcomes
by Ilkka Nikulainen, Antti P. Salminen, Mikael Högerman, Heikki Seikkula, Peter J. Boström and The Finnish National Cystectomy Database Research Group
Cancers 2025, 17(3), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17030505 - 3 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1040
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) eligibility, utilization, and survival outcomes for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) in a Finnish population. Materials and Methods: Data from the Finnish National Cystectomy Database (2005–2017) was combined with Finnish Cancer Registry survival data. [...] Read more.
Objectives: To investigate neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) eligibility, utilization, and survival outcomes for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) in a Finnish population. Materials and Methods: Data from the Finnish National Cystectomy Database (2005–2017) was combined with Finnish Cancer Registry survival data. NAC utilization rates were reported, and downstaging rates were calculated based on final pathological staging. Logistic regression analyzed NAC usage and complete response (CR) predictors. Results: Since 2011, 29% of 1157 patients received NAC. Its usage remained consistent, and the number of eligible patients not receiving NAC decreased during the study period. Among NAC patients, pathology T-category was pT0 (34%), pT1-Ta-Tis (16%), pT2 (23%), pT3 (20%), and pT4 (7%) tumors, with pN0 in 82%. In the RC + NAC group, the 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 89% for patients with no residual disease (pT0N0), 82% for those with organ-confined residual disease (pT1, Tis, Ta, T2/N0), and 49% for patients with non-organ-confined residual disease (pT3+/N+). The corresponding cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates were 93%, 86%, and 57%, respectively. Patients with organ-confined residual disease after NAC had survival outcomes comparable to those who underwent RC alone. Higher age; odds ratio (OR) 0.93, [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.90–0.95] and Charlson Co-morbidity Index–score [OR 0.88 (0.79–0.98)] reduced the likelihood of receiving NAC, while a smaller center size increased the probability [OR 1.82 (1.02–3.28)]. More treatment cycles [OR 0.70, (95% CI: 0.51–0.93)] and a favorable GFR [OR 0.38 (0.16–0.88)] were associated with achieving CR. Conclusion: We report that NAC is well-utilized across Finland, with CR rates comparable to recent trials. Additionally, our survival rates are reasonable, and even with organ-confined residual disease after NAC, survival outcomes are similar to those who underwent RC alone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Treatment on Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy for Urological Cancer)
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9 pages, 856 KiB  
Article
Efficacy and Safety of Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma in Patients 75 Years and Older: Multicenter Retrospective Study
by Shimpei Yamashita, Shuzo Hamamoto, Junya Furukawa, Kazutoshi Fujita, Masayuki Takahashi, Makito Miyake, Noriyuki Ito, Hideto Iwamoto, Yasuo Kohjimoto and Isao Hara
Cancers 2025, 17(3), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17030474 - 31 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1163
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab (NIVO + IPI) for elderly patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma have not been reported with sufficient evidence. Our study therefore aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of NIVO + IPI between patients [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab (NIVO + IPI) for elderly patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma have not been reported with sufficient evidence. Our study therefore aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of NIVO + IPI between patients ≥75 years and patients <75 years with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a multi-center cohort of the 156 patients that received NIVO + IPI treatment at eight institutions. Among them, 33 patients were ≥75 years old, and the remainder were <75 years old. Results: Patient demographics and tumor characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups except for age. The objective response rate, disease control rate, progression-free survival, or cancer-specific survival were not significantly different between the groups. However, overall survival in the patients ≥75 years was significantly shorter than that in the patients <75 years (median: 18 months vs. 46 months, p = 0.01). In addition, an age ≥75 years was shown in multivariable analysis to be a significant independent predictor of poor overall survival. Toxicity did not show any significant variation between the groups. Conclusions: Although the clinical efficacy and safety of NIVO + IPI was demonstrated in patients ≥75 years old, it is suggested that the indication for NIVO + IPI in this age group should be carefully considered, taking into account patients’ expected life expectancy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Treatment on Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy for Urological Cancer)
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15 pages, 1513 KiB  
Article
“Modernized” en Bloc Radical Cystectomy Versus Standard Radical Cystectomy: A Nationwide Multi-Institutional Propensity Score Matched Analysis
by Eirik Kjøbli, Erik Skaaheim Haug, Øyvind Salvesen, Christian Arstad, Anne Kvaale Bergesen, Bjørn Brennhovd, Birgitte Carlsen, Bita Gharib-Alhaug, Gigja Gudbrandsdottir, Patrick Juliebø-Jones, Julie Nøss Haugland, Ann-Karoline Karlsvik, Magnus Larsen, Gunder Magne Lilleaasen, Stig Mûller, May Lisbeth Plathan, Marius Roaldsen, Ingunn Roth, Bernd Lukas Luca Schwenke, Rolf Wahlqvist, Nicolai Wessel, Arne Wibe and Christian Beislandadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Cancers 2025, 17(3), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17030404 - 25 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1415
Abstract
Background: Pelvic lymph node dissection during standard radical cystectomy (stdRC) for muscle invasive bladder cancer is performed as separate templates. In the modernized en bloc radical cystectomy (mEbRC), the bladder is removed together with all its associated lymphatic tissue as one specimen. [...] Read more.
Background: Pelvic lymph node dissection during standard radical cystectomy (stdRC) for muscle invasive bladder cancer is performed as separate templates. In the modernized en bloc radical cystectomy (mEbRC), the bladder is removed together with all its associated lymphatic tissue as one specimen. Our aim was to evaluate the oncological and surgical outcomes of mEbRC with a propensity-matched national cohort of stdRC cases. Methods: 935 patients (mEbRC: 214 and stdRC: 721) were eligible for analysis, and 1:2 propensity score matching was performed regressing mEbRC treatment on the variables age, gender, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, Charlson Comorbidity Index, lymph node metastases at final pathology, carcinoma in situ, and pT-stage. The primary outcome was recurrence-free survival (RFS). Secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS), survival for female patients. and perioperative measures. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups regarding complications, 30-day readmission rates, and 30- and 90-day mortality rates. In the propensity score matched groups, the 5-year RFS was 83% in the mEbRC group vs. 67% in the stdRC group (p < 0.001), the CSS was 89% and 78% (p ≤ 0.001), and OS 81% vs. 68% (p < 0.001) in the same groups, respectively. The results were confirmed by Cox regression analyses with hazard ratios ranging from 0.41 to 0.50 and p-values ≤ 0.001, favoring mEbRC. The 5-year OS for female patients was 86% for mEbRC and 60% for stdRC (p = 0.022). Conclusions: Performing mEbRC over stdRC might yield significantly better oncological outcomes, with equal survival rates for both genders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Treatment on Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy for Urological Cancer)
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12 pages, 1941 KiB  
Article
Enzalutamide versus Abiraterone Plus Prednisolone for Nonmetastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Sub-Analysis from the ENABLE Study for PCa
by Koji Mita, Kouji Izumi, Akihiro Goriki, Ryo Tasaka, Tomoya Hatayama, Takashi Shima, Yuki Kato, Manabu Kamiyama, Shogo Inoue, Nobumichi Tanaka, Seiji Hoshi, Takehiko Okamura, Yuko Yoshio, Hideki Enokida, Ippei Chikazawa, Noriyasu Kawai, Kohei Hashimoto, Takashi Fukagai, Kazuyoshi Shigehara, Shizuko Takahara, Yoshifumi Kadono and Atsushi Mizokamiadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Cancers 2024, 16(3), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16030508 - 24 Jan 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2677
Abstract
Enzalutamide (ENZ) and abiraterone plus prednisolone (ABI) can improve the survival of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the agent that is more effective against nonmetastatic CRPC remains unclear. To evaluate the agent that can be used as the first-line treatment for [...] Read more.
Enzalutamide (ENZ) and abiraterone plus prednisolone (ABI) can improve the survival of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the agent that is more effective against nonmetastatic CRPC remains unclear. To evaluate the agent that can be used as the first-line treatment for CRPC, an investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized controlled trial (ENABLE Study for PCa) including both metastatic and nonmetastatic CRPC was conducted in Japan. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate, overall survival, some essential survival endpoints, and safety of patients with nonmetastatic CRPC were also analyzed. In this subanalysis, 15 and 26 patients in the ENZ and ABI arms, respectively, presented with nonmetastatic CRPC. There was no significant difference in terms of the PSA response rate between the ENZ and ABI arms (80% and 64%, respectively; p = 0.3048). The overall survival did not significantly differ between the two arms (HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.22–2.14, p = 0.5260). No significant differences were observed in terms of radiographic progression-free survival and cancer-specific survival between the ENZ and ABI arms (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.35–1.84; p = 0.6056 and HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.19–2.73; p = 0.6443, respectively). Only four and six patients in the ENZ and ABI arms, respectively, had ≥grade 3 adverse events. ABI and ENZ had similar efficacy and safety profiles in patients with nonmetastatic CRPC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Treatment on Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy for Urological Cancer)
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