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Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building,...
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Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2026 | Viewed by 26085

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yuan Mei

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
Interests: engineering construction services; time-dependent reliability theory and analysis methods for engineering structure; safety control of underground space engineering
Dr. Yili Yuan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
Interests: application and development of intelligent algorithms in civil construction; reliability assessment and intelligent risk early warning systems; secondary development of numerical simulation research; reliability assessment and intelligent risk early warning for high-filled loesses; environmental geotechnical engineering
Dr. Lei Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
Interests: structural damage identification; building structure durability; computer vision; building life cycle carbon assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Tao Zeng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
Interests: macro- and micro-scale constitutive models for geotechnical, concrete, and metallic materials; multi-field coupling problems in deepwater engineering (including hydraulic suppression, carbon dioxide sequestration, and dry hot rock geothermal extraction)

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The core objective of civil engineering construction and management is to ensure that all kinds of civil engineering projects can be carried out efficiently and smoothly, including their planning, design, construction, and operation, ultimately realizing the high quality, high efficiency, and sustainability of the project. The field not only emphasizes civil engineering technology innovation and application but also pays more attention to advanced theory and scientific innovation. Therefore, civil engineering construction and management focuses on green building, intelligent construction, new structural systems, engineering structural safety, low-carbon material R&D and application, new engineering equipment R&D and application, key technologies in modern transportation engineering, engineering fine management, intelligent operation and maintenance in the field of civil engineering, etc., to provide the industry with cutting-edge theoretical guidance and practical references, and to promote the sustained development and technological advancement of the civil engineering discipline.

We sincerely invite you to submit high-quality, cutting-edge articles on the topic of civil engineering construction and management. This topic encompasses a wide range of subjects, including but not limited to the following:

  • Engineering construction and management;
  • Innovative application of green building materials;
  • Intelligent building technology;
  • Innovation of mechanized construction technology;
  • Refined management of project progress;
  • Effective control of construction quality;
  • Structural safety assessment and improvement;
  • Building carbon emission monitoring, prediction, evaluation, and control methods.

Prof. Dr. Yuan Mei
Dr. Yili Yuan
Dr. Lei Li
Dr. Tao Zeng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • engineering construction and management
  • green building materials
  • intelligent construction
  • mechanized construction
  • project schedule management
  • construction quality control
  • structural safety

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Published Papers (26 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 1351 KB  
Article
A PSR–Entropy–TOPSIS Framework for Evaluating Low-Carbon Construction Performance of Subway Stations
by Yanmei Ruan, Xu Luo, Shi Zheng, Yuan Mei, Zhonghui Wang and Hongping Lu
Buildings 2026, 16(10), 1983; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16101983 - 18 May 2026
Abstract
The rapid expansion of subway systems has led to significant carbon emissions during station construction, yet a systematic and interpretable framework for evaluating low-carbon performance across different construction methods remains underdeveloped. To address this gap, this study proposes a comprehensive evaluation model that [...] Read more.
The rapid expansion of subway systems has led to significant carbon emissions during station construction, yet a systematic and interpretable framework for evaluating low-carbon performance across different construction methods remains underdeveloped. To address this gap, this study proposes a comprehensive evaluation model that integrates a pressure–state–response (PSR) framework with an entropy-weighted TOPSIS method. A multi-dimensional indicator system comprising 17 indicators was established, covering material and energy consumption (pressure), environmental carbon states (state), and management responses (response). The entropy weight method was employed to determine objective indicator weights, and the TOPSIS method was used to rank the overall low-carbon performance of different construction schemes. An empirical study of a subway station in Guangzhou, China, was conducted to compare three construction methods: open-cut, top-down cover excavation, and reverse cover excavation. The results demonstrate that the reverse cover excavation method achieves the highest low-carbon performance. Electricity consumption and concrete-related emissions were identified as the most influential factors, while obstacle analysis revealed key constraints for carbon reduction. The proposed PSR–entropy–TOPSIS framework offers a transparent, data-driven decision-support tool for optimizing construction schemes, contributing to the sustainable development goals of urban rail transit projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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33 pages, 8640 KB  
Article
Deformation Monitoring and Control of Giant Cantilevered Tree-Shaped Steel Structures Based on 3D Laser Scanning: A Case Study of the “Tree of Life” Project
by Weicheng Zhang, Yuan Wang, Caiji Jiang, Jing Guo, Fan Yang, Ziyi Zhou, Xinyu Tian and Tao Yang
Buildings 2026, 16(10), 1872; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16101872 - 8 May 2026
Viewed by 200
Abstract
Giant cantilevered tree-shaped steel structures are highly susceptible to cumulative deformation and geometric deviation during staged construction due to their complex spatial configuration, long cantilever characteristics, and nonlinear load transfer mechanisms. To address these challenges, this study investigates deformation monitoring and control of [...] Read more.
Giant cantilevered tree-shaped steel structures are highly susceptible to cumulative deformation and geometric deviation during staged construction due to their complex spatial configuration, long cantilever characteristics, and nonlinear load transfer mechanisms. To address these challenges, this study investigates deformation monitoring and control of such structures based on 3D laser scanning, taking the “Tree of Life” project as a representative case. A high-precision full-field monitoring system is established to acquire multi-stage point cloud data throughout the construction process. The collected data are registered with the BIM model to quantify spatial deviations and track the deformation evolution of key structural components. Meanwhile, a staged preloading–unloading strategy is implemented to simulate operational loads, reconstruct load transfer paths, and regulate structural deformation during construction. Based on continuous field measurements, the deformation characteristics of different structural regions, including ring beams, rotating platforms, and trunk–branch systems, are systematically analyzed. The results indicate that the structure exhibits a pronounced global torsional deformation pattern. The displacement of ring beams ranges from 40.35 mm to 80.15 mm, while the maximum local displacement reaches 131.37 mm in geometrically complex regions, primarily attributed to the coupling effects of complex geometry, long cantilever action, stiffness discontinuity, and load concentration. Furthermore, deformation exhibits a progressive and stage-dependent accumulation pattern under sequential loading–unloading processes. The proposed monitoring and control approach achieves millimeter-level accuracy and enables effective feedback for construction adjustment and deviation mitigation. The integration of 3D laser scanning with staged load regulation provides a reliable technical framework for deformation monitoring and control of complex cantilevered steel structures. While the findings are based on a single complex project, further validation on additional cases is required to fully establish the general applicability of the proposed framework, although its integration of 3D monitoring, BIM registration, and staged load regulation suggests potential transferability to other large-scale cantilevered steel structures with similar geometric complexity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
21 pages, 5645 KB  
Article
Study on the Influence of Isolation Pile Density on the Deformation of High-Speed Railway Bridge Piles Induced by Lateral Shield Tunneling
by Yongzhi Cheng, Xuan Zhang, Shou Liang, Lei Lei, Yuan Wen and Tao Yang
Buildings 2026, 16(9), 1810; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16091810 - 1 May 2026
Viewed by 267
Abstract
The impact of short-distance lateral shield tunneling threatens the safety of operational high-speed railways (HSRs). To address the engineering challenge of “how to select isolation pile density under fixed cost constraints,” this study focuses on the Xi’an Metro shield tunnel section passing laterally [...] Read more.
The impact of short-distance lateral shield tunneling threatens the safety of operational high-speed railways (HSRs). To address the engineering challenge of “how to select isolation pile density under fixed cost constraints,” this study focuses on the Xi’an Metro shield tunnel section passing laterally adjacent to the Daxi and Zhengxi Passenger Dedicated Lines. Under the constraint of identical total economic costs, two isolation pile schemes—low-density and high-density—were established to investigate the control patterns of different densities on HSR bridge piles and surrounding ground surface deformation. A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model was developed for the lateral shield tunneling process. Combined with field-measured data, numerical simulations were conducted for corresponding construction stages to analyze the disturbance effects of shield tunneling on HSR piers and the surrounding ground, as well as the deformation restraint performance of isolation piles. The results indicate that the high-density isolation pile scheme (pile spacing: 2.0 m; pile length: 22 m) provides superior control compared to the low-density scheme (pile spacing: 4 m; pile length: 28 m). Following single- and double-track excavation, the vertical displacement of HSR piers was reduced by 0.6 mm and 1.1 mm, respectively—a reduction of 40–74%. Furthermore, the pier displacement along the depth direction shifted from non-uniform to relatively uniform. The difference in surface settlement between the two schemes was only 0.2 mm, suggesting that isolation pile density has a marginal impact on ground deformation. The horizontal displacement of high-density isolation piles stabilized at 1.7–1.9 mm, with vertical heave ranging from 1.2 to 1.4 mm. The lateral displacement profile exhibited a regular “double-C outward expansion” shape, which is better suited to the characteristics of water-rich sand layers. Initial excavation causes significant disturbance to the original strata, necessitating enhanced stress field protection measures. The high-density scheme is recommended for engineering applications, as it achieves optimal control of bridge pile deformation under cost constraints and meets regulatory specifications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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30 pages, 9157 KB  
Article
Time-Dependent Reliability Analysis of Deep-Buried Tunnels in Rheological Rock Considering Degradation of Secondary Lining Performance
by Hang-Hang Wei and Guangyao Cui
Buildings 2026, 16(9), 1789; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16091789 - 30 Apr 2026
Viewed by 199
Abstract
In deep-buried tunnels, the loads acting on supporting structures continuously increase due to the rheological behavior of surrounding rock, while the performance of the secondary lining gradually degrades under environmental effects. These delayed features have significant implications for tunnel safety but are rarely [...] Read more.
In deep-buried tunnels, the loads acting on supporting structures continuously increase due to the rheological behavior of surrounding rock, while the performance of the secondary lining gradually degrades under environmental effects. These delayed features have significant implications for tunnel safety but are rarely incorporated into the reliability evaluation of tunnels. In this study, the surrounding rock is modeled using the Burgers model, and an analytical solution is developed by incorporating the degradation and damage of the secondary lining. Parametric analysis is conducted to identify the key factors governing tunnel response. Subsequently, limit state functions are established, and a time-dependent system reliability analysis is performed. Results indicate that tunnel response and reliability are highly sensitive to rheological parameters. Among the rheological parameters, the elastic shear modulus of the Maxwell elements Ge has the most pronounced influence on deformation, whereas the elastic shear modulus of the Kelvin elements Gk governs the stress response of the secondary lining. The time-dependent failure probability increases rapidly in the early stage and gradually stabilizes thereafter. Insufficient initial support strength is identified as the dominant failure mode of system failure. Furthermore, Ge and Gk are the key parameters affecting tunnel reliability, and increasing Gk improves the reliability index by more than 1500%. Meanwhile, the variation in system reliability is mainly affected by the failure mode of insufficient initial support strength. These findings provide quantitative guidance for the design, construction, and long-term maintenance of deep-buried tunnels in rheological rock. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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19 pages, 1865 KB  
Article
Development of a Life-Cycle Green Evaluation Indicator System for Public Sports Venues
by Li Wang, Yutong Zhang and Dongbo Zhou
Buildings 2026, 16(6), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16061216 - 19 Mar 2026
Viewed by 316
Abstract
To fill the research gap of green building assessment theory being underutilized in sports architecture and advance the use of life-cycle assessment (LCA) for complex public building types, this study develops a comprehensive life-cycle green evaluation indicator system specifically for public sports venues. [...] Read more.
To fill the research gap of green building assessment theory being underutilized in sports architecture and advance the use of life-cycle assessment (LCA) for complex public building types, this study develops a comprehensive life-cycle green evaluation indicator system specifically for public sports venues. First, the factors influencing green performance were systematically identified across four life-cycle stages—planning and design, construction, operation and maintenance, and end-of-life—leading to the establishment of an initial indicator pool. This pool was subsequently refined through a two-round Delphi expert consultation. The weights of the indicators were then determined using a combined Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Entropy Weight Method (EWM) approach to quantify the relative importance of each indicator. The resulting framework comprises a comprehensive green evaluation indicator system for the whole life cycle of public sports venues, consisting of 4 first-level, 12 second-level, and 28 third-level indicators. The results reveal a pronounced front-loaded influence in the life-cycle weight distribution, indicating that decisions made during the planning and design stage are most critical for the green performance of sports venues. Based on the weight distribution characteristics, this study further delineates a phase-specific governance logic for green development: the planning and design stage should prioritize design optimization to maximize life-cycle green performance potential; the construction stage should focus on controlling resource input and process carbon emissions; the operation and maintenance stage should emphasize energy consumption optimization and resource recycling; and the end-of-life stage should address resource regeneration. This study not only extends green building assessment and life-cycle assessment theories to sports architecture—a complex and under-researched building typology—but also provides stakeholders with a robust decision-support tool to advance the sustainable development of public sports venues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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31 pages, 3100 KB  
Article
A Study on the Association Between Tower Crane Operator Fatigue State and Collision Risk Under Human–Machine Interaction
by Zhijiang Wu, Yaru Zhu, Junwen Wang, Zhenzhen Chai, Jixun Fan and Guofeng Ma
Buildings 2026, 16(6), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16061102 - 10 Mar 2026
Viewed by 474
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between operator fatigue and collision risk under human–machine interaction (HMI) in intelligent tower crane operations, and to reveal the mitigating effects of HMI on fatigue-induced collision risks, a comprehensive data acquisition approach integrating eye-tracking signals, risk indicators, and fatigue [...] Read more.
To investigate the relationship between operator fatigue and collision risk under human–machine interaction (HMI) in intelligent tower crane operations, and to reveal the mitigating effects of HMI on fatigue-induced collision risks, a comprehensive data acquisition approach integrating eye-tracking signals, risk indicators, and fatigue scale assessments was proposed and validated through scenario-based experiments. First, two experimental scenarios—traditional mechanical operation and HMI operation—were established. Based on a review of existing studies, representative eye-movement metrics and fatigue scale indicators were selected. Subsequently, operator fatigue states were classified into three levels: low fatigue, moderate fatigue, and high fatigue. A total of 28 participants were recruited to complete fatigue assessments and subsequently perform tower crane lifting tasks under both experimental scenarios. Finally, collision risk under different scenarios was quantitatively evaluated using the safety distance between the crane hook and the rigger, as well as the frequency of collision alarms. The results indicate that, under traditional mechanical operation, increasing fatigue levels were associated with a significant reduction in safety distance between the crane hook and the rigger, accompanied by a marked increase in collision alarm occurrences, resulting in a relatively high overall collision risk. In contrast, under the HMI operation scenario, participants demonstrated superior operational control at equivalent fatigue levels. Specifically, under moderate fatigue, collision risk was reduced from low risk to no risk, while under high fatigue, collision risk decreased from high risk to low risk. These results indicate that, under laboratory-simulated conditions, human–machine interaction can mitigate, to a certain extent, the increasing trend of collision risk when operators perform tower crane lifting operations under fatigue. These findings provide a scientific basis for further optimization of intelligent tower crane operational modes and the development of enhanced safety management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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28 pages, 8659 KB  
Article
Seismic Performance of In-Plane Loaded Modular Squat Shear Walls and the Influence of Post-Cast Strips
by Hong Chang, Wei Zhou and Changhai Zhai
Buildings 2026, 16(4), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16040847 - 20 Feb 2026
Viewed by 367
Abstract
This study investigates modular low-rise shear walls by designing and fabricating four in-plane loaded specimens at a scale ratio of 1:2.7. Quasi-static low-cycle reversed loading tests combined with numerical simulations were systematically conducted to examine the effects of the type and location of [...] Read more.
This study investigates modular low-rise shear walls by designing and fabricating four in-plane loaded specimens at a scale ratio of 1:2.7. Quasi-static low-cycle reversed loading tests combined with numerical simulations were systematically conducted to examine the effects of the type and location of post-cast strips on the seismic performance of shear walls. The experimental program comparatively analyzed crack development patterns, failure modes, and seismic performance indices of specimens with four construction configurations: without post-cast strips, with only a horizontal post-cast strip, with a horizontal post-cast strip combined with an eccentrically placed vertical post-cast strip, and with a horizontal post-cast strip combined with a centrally placed vertical post-cast strip. The results indicate that specimens without post-cast strips exhibit uniformly distributed and highly penetrative cracks, characterized by typical global shear failure. The horizontal post-cast strip restricts downward crack propagation, leading to crack concentration above the post-cast strip, whereas the combined arrangement of horizontal and vertical post-cast strips promotes dispersed crack development and significantly alleviates excessive local damage concentration. The specimen with a centrally located vertical post-cast strip exhibited the best overall seismic performance, characterized by full hysteretic curves, the largest cumulative energy dissipation, and the most gradual stiffness degradation, whereas the specimen with only a horizontal post-cast strip showed relatively poor energy dissipation capacity and ductility. The finite element model established based on the experimental results accurately reproduces the mechanical responses and failure characteristics of all specimens, validating the mechanism by which post-cast strips improve wall performance through stress dispersion and crack development regulation. The findings demonstrate that a rational arrangement of post-cast strips, particularly the adoption of a centrally placed vertical post-cast strip, can effectively enhance the seismic performance of modular low-rise shear walls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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24 pages, 7500 KB  
Article
Deformation Characteristics and Support Optimization for Deep Excavations in Sandy Cobble Strata Considering Adjacent Sensitive Structures: A Case Study of a Deep Excavation Project in Sichuan Province
by Yang Zhou, Chenglong Zhang, Qilin Zou, Rui Liu, Xiaoping Chen, Huaping Yang, Junhu Shao and Shili Yang
Buildings 2026, 16(3), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16030541 - 28 Jan 2026
Viewed by 402
Abstract
As China’s urban underground area grows, deep foundation pit projects in complex geological circumstances, particularly near critical infrastructure, must adhere to tight deformation control guidelines. However, limited research has been conducted on the deformation behavior of internal bracing systems in Sichuan’s sandy cobble [...] Read more.
As China’s urban underground area grows, deep foundation pit projects in complex geological circumstances, particularly near critical infrastructure, must adhere to tight deformation control guidelines. However, limited research has been conducted on the deformation behavior of internal bracing systems in Sichuan’s sandy cobble strata. This research centers on a deep excavation near civil defense facilities in Pujiang County, Chengdu. We investigated the deformation characteristics of retaining piles and internal bracing systems using field monitoring, finite element simulations, and parameter sensitivity analysis, and proposed optimization solutions for the support scheme. Road settlement, pile-head vertical displacement, building settlement, and deep lateral displacement of retaining piles were all monitored in the field at different phases of excavation. MIDAS/GTS was used to generate a 3D finite element model that included bored piles as a contiguous pile wall. The model was verified against monitored data and showed a maximum variation of 3.7%. Parametric studies were conducted to optimize the equivalent stiffness of the contiguous pile wall and the standardized internal bracing system. The findings indicate that the maximum lateral displacement of retaining piles is the primary optimization restriction. Reducing the equivalent stiffness to 0.6t (relative to the baseline thickness t) causes displacement to surpass the warning threshold (35 mm), whereas increasing it to 1.2t or 1.4t limits deformation without incurring significant costs. Case G of the standardized internal bracing system ensures that the maximum pile displacement (21.95 mm) remains below the warning criterion (24.5 mm) while improving constructability. This work elucidates the deformation characteristics of internal bracing systems in sandy cobble strata near sensitive buildings, offering theoretical and practical assistance for comparable projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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16 pages, 3689 KB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Evolution and Deformation Mechanism of Deep Foundation Excavation in Water-Rich Sand Strata: A Comparative Study of Monitoring and Simulation
by Yongming Si, Ying Xiao, Kaiqiang Zhu, Jirong Ran, Dengrui Gao and Tao Yang
Buildings 2026, 16(2), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020317 - 12 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 427
Abstract
Deep foundation excavation in water-rich sand strata presents complex deformation characteristics driven by fluid–solid interaction, which distinguishes it from excavations in cohesive soft clay. This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution and deformation mechanisms of retaining structures through a comparative analysis of field monitoring [...] Read more.
Deep foundation excavation in water-rich sand strata presents complex deformation characteristics driven by fluid–solid interaction, which distinguishes it from excavations in cohesive soft clay. This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution and deformation mechanisms of retaining structures through a comparative analysis of field monitoring data and 3D numerical simulation, based on a subway station project in Xi’an. While the numerical simulation predicted a continuous “bulging” deformation mode, field monitoring revealed a distinct transition from a “bulging” profile to a “step-like” deformation pattern as the excavation deepened. Quantitatively, while the simulation captured the spatial trend, the measured maximum surface settlement (7.8 mm) exceeded the simulated value (1.2 mm), highlighting the dominant role of seepage consolidation. Detailed analysis indicates that this discrepancy—and the unique step-like evolution—is primarily driven by two mechanisms: the rapid stress relaxation of cohesionless sand during the time lag of support installation, and the superimposed seepage forces induced by continuous dewatering, which are often simplified in standard elastoplastic models. The study further identifies that the vertical displacement of the pile top is governed by the combined effects of basal heave and the “kick-out” deformation at the pile toe. These findings demonstrate that in high-permeability water-rich sand, deformation control depends critically on minimizing the unsupported exposure time of the excavation face. This research provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the spatiotemporal sequencing of excavation in similar geological conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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18 pages, 1169 KB  
Article
Tri-Objective Optimization of Metro Station Underground Structures Considering Cost, Carbon Emissions, and Reliability: A Case Study of Guangzhou Station
by Ling Wang, Yanmei Ruan, Lihua Zhai and Hongping Lu
Buildings 2026, 16(1), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16010195 - 1 Jan 2026
Viewed by 627
Abstract
This study investigates the tri-objective optimization of underground metro station structures, considering structural reliability, life-cycle economic cost, and annualized carbon emissions simultaneously. Using a representative metro station in Guangzhou as a case study, a multi-objective optimization framework is developed. The model defines structural [...] Read more.
This study investigates the tri-objective optimization of underground metro station structures, considering structural reliability, life-cycle economic cost, and annualized carbon emissions simultaneously. Using a representative metro station in Guangzhou as a case study, a multi-objective optimization framework is developed. The model defines structural failure probability, discounted life-cycle cost, and average annual carbon emissions as the primary objectives, with decision variables including concrete strength, cover thickness, the use of epoxy-coated reinforcement, and various maintenance/repair strategies. Material quantities are calculated through Building Information Modeling (BIM), while cost–carbon relationships are derived from industry price data and carbon emission factors. An improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm (OMOPSO) is used to derive the Pareto-optimal front. Case study results show that increasing cover thickness significantly improves durability and reduces carbon emissions with only moderate cost increases. In contrast, epoxy-coated reinforcement is excluded from the Pareto set due to its high cost under the given conditions. To facilitate practical decision-making, a weight-based solution selection method is introduced, and sensitivity analyses are performed to assess the model’s robustness. The study concludes by emphasizing the framework’s applicability and limitations: the findings are specific to the case context and require recalibration for use in other sites or construction practices. This research contributes by integrating durability, cost, and carbon considerations into an engineering-level optimization workflow, providing valuable decision support for sustainable metro station design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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28 pages, 5749 KB  
Article
Parameter Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization Design of Shield Lateral Shifting Launching Technology Based on Orthogonal Analysis Method
by Xin Ke, Xinyu Tian, Lingwei Lu, Yanmei Ruan, Tong Chen and Huiru Yu
Buildings 2026, 16(1), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16010105 - 25 Dec 2025
Viewed by 572
Abstract
As an emerging construction method, the lateral launching technique for shield tunneling can ensure launching safety while significantly reducing disturbances to urban traffic. However, the influence of its design parameters on construction stability and economic performance has not yet been systematically investigated, thereby [...] Read more.
As an emerging construction method, the lateral launching technique for shield tunneling can ensure launching safety while significantly reducing disturbances to urban traffic. However, the influence of its design parameters on construction stability and economic performance has not yet been systematically investigated, thereby limiting its broader application in complex urban environments. To address this gap, this study proposes a comprehensive analytical framework integrating field monitoring, numerical modeling, orthogonal experiments, and regression-based optimization. Relying on a shield lateral launching project in a central urban district of Guangzhou, a systematic investigation is conducted. Field monitoring data are used to verify the reliability of the three-dimensional finite element model, confirming that deformations of both the retaining structures and the surrounding ground remain within a stable and controllable range. On this basis, the orthogonal experimental method is, for the first time, introduced into the parameter sensitivity analysis of the shield lateral launching technique. The analysis reveals the influence ranking of support parameters on surface settlement. Key parameters are then selected for optimization design according to the sensitivity order, followed by a comprehensive evaluation of deformation control effectiveness and economic performance of the optimized scheme. The results show that the deformation of both the retaining structures and the ground during construction remains below the control limits, indicating good structural stability. Among the supporting parameters, the sensitivity coefficients from high to low are the diaphragm wall thickness HW, the grouting reinforcement range HG, the initial support thickness of the lateral-shifting tunnel H1, the initial support thickness of the advance launching tunnel H2, and the elastic modulus of the diaphragm wall EW. Based on the sensitivity ranking, the highly sensitive parameters are selected for optimization, and the optimal parameter combination is determined to be a diaphragm wall thickness of 1000 mm, a grouting reinforcement range of 1600 mm, and an initial support thickness of 100 mm for the lateral-shifting tunnel. This combination meets the safety requirements for surface settlement while effectively reducing material consumption and improving economic performance. The study provides technical and theoretical references for shield launching under complex conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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21 pages, 4076 KB  
Article
Finite Element Analysis and Parametric Study on the Push-Out Performance of Shear Connectors in Long-Span Composite Bridges
by Zheng Hou, Youlai Qu, Zhi Zhao, Sirui Wang and Tao Yang
Buildings 2025, 15(23), 4244; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234244 - 24 Nov 2025
Viewed by 942
Abstract
This study adopts the east approach bridge of the Section II extra-long-span bridge on the Urumqi Ring Expressway (West Line) as an engineering prototype. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element push-out model of headed stud connectors was developed in ABAQUS/Explicit and validated against existing [...] Read more.
This study adopts the east approach bridge of the Section II extra-long-span bridge on the Urumqi Ring Expressway (West Line) as an engineering prototype. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element push-out model of headed stud connectors was developed in ABAQUS/Explicit and validated against existing test data. On this basis, parametric analyses were carried out to investigate the effects of material and geometric parameters on the shear performance of the studs. The results indicate that the load–slip response can be divided into four stages: elastic, plastic-damage development, plateau, and softening. Compared with C50 concrete, UHPC markedly increases the initial stiffness of the connectors and raises the peak shear resistance by approximately 30–40%. For the smallest stud diameter, the ductility decreases by up to about 10% and the post-peak degradation becomes more rapid, i.e., ductility deterioration is more pronounced; this unfavorable effect is particularly significant when small stud diameter is combined with shallow embedment depth. Increasing the stud diameter enhances both stiffness and peak shear resistance, whereas increasing the embedment depth delays post-peak degradation, improves residual capacity and energy dissipation, and promotes a transition in failure mode from concrete-governed failure to ductile bending–shear failure of the stud. Based on these parametric results, a larger stud height-to-diameter ratio is recommended for UHPC composite structures to achieve coordinated optimization of connection stiffness, load-carrying capacity, and ductility performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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20 pages, 2430 KB  
Article
Optimization of Precast Concrete Production with a Differential Evolutionary Algorithm
by Yelin Qian, Nianzhang Mao, Jingyu Yu and Qingyu Shi
Buildings 2025, 15(23), 4226; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234226 - 23 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1021
Abstract
This study investigates the limitations of existing models in optimizing equipment resource allocation for the large-scale production of precast concrete components in highway engineering. There are abundant investigations on scheduling models of precast concrete components. However, there is a scientific problem that previous [...] Read more.
This study investigates the limitations of existing models in optimizing equipment resource allocation for the large-scale production of precast concrete components in highway engineering. There are abundant investigations on scheduling models of precast concrete components. However, there is a scientific problem that previous models often overlooked the interruptibility of specific processes and the possibility of performing tasks outside of regular working hours, leading to suboptimal resource utilization. To address this limitation, an improved differential evolution (DE) algorithm was developed, which incorporates an adaptive mutation operator and a dual mutation strategy to enhance population diversity and accelerate convergence speed. The proposed optimization model significantly reduced equipment resource consumption. In a real-world case study, the model achieved an 11.11% reduction in project duration and a 21.4% increase in production capacity under the same resource configuration. The improved DE algorithm demonstrated superior performance in maintaining population diversity and accelerating convergence. These findings provide a scientifically grounded approach for enhancing productivity and resource efficiency in prefabricated construction, with potential applications extending beyond highway projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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18 pages, 1690 KB  
Article
Statistical Analysis of Factors Influencing Segmental Joint Opening in a Soft Soil Tunnel
by Shuqiang Li, Jianzhong Hao, Yunchang Gao, Lei Zhang and Wencui Zhang
Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4175; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224175 - 19 Nov 2025
Viewed by 490
Abstract
The opening degree of longitudinal joints in the segmental lining of cross-passages in soft soil strata directly affects structural safety during tunnel construction. This study utilizes field monitoring data from the F-capping segment of Ring 30 in the Guangzhou–Nanzhou Intercity Railway Connecting Tunnel. [...] Read more.
The opening degree of longitudinal joints in the segmental lining of cross-passages in soft soil strata directly affects structural safety during tunnel construction. This study utilizes field monitoring data from the F-capping segment of Ring 30 in the Guangzhou–Nanzhou Intercity Railway Connecting Tunnel. Employing multivariate linear regression analysis, it investigates the variation patterns in longitudinal joint opening in connecting tunnel segments under changes in earth pressure, water pressure, axial force, and reinforcement stress. The fitted results for joint opening are compared with field monitoring data, demonstrating good agreement. The results indicate that axial force and reinforcement stress exert minimal influence on longitudinal joint opening in soft soil sections. Conversely, hydrostatic pressure and earth pressure exhibit moderate linear correlations with joint opening: opening increases with rising hydrostatic pressure and decreases with increasing earth pressure. These findings, based on short-term monitoring data from a single ring during construction, provide preliminary theoretical and empirical support for understanding joint behavior in site-specific soft soil conditions. Further validation is required for generalized early warning systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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30 pages, 6439 KB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Numerical Analyses of a Monitored Deep Excavation Pit: A Case Study in the Guangzhou Metro
by Wentian Xu, Lifen Lin, Nengwen Zhu, Yan Zhao, Hong Yang, Yuan Mei and Dongbo Zhou
Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4018; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224018 - 7 Nov 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1095
Abstract
This paper focuses on a deep foundation pit project of a metro shaft constructed by the cover-and-excavation reverse method in a section of Guangzhou Metro Line 13. This study integrates field monitoring data, three-dimensional finite element simulations, and parametric analyses to propose a [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on a deep foundation pit project of a metro shaft constructed by the cover-and-excavation reverse method in a section of Guangzhou Metro Line 13. This study integrates field monitoring data, three-dimensional finite element simulations, and parametric analyses to propose a systematic optimization design framework, providing a more comprehensive and reliable quantitative basis for the design of support structures for deep metro foundation pits constructed using the cut-and-cover top-down method. The study examines the effects of pile diameter, pile spacing, embedment depth, and types of retaining structures on pit deformation. The results indicate that increasing the pile diameter from 800 mm to 1000 mm reduces the maximum lateral displacement of the retaining structure by 30.7%, while decreasing the pile spacing from 2000 mm to 1600 mm results in a 17.5% reduction in deformation. However, beyond these thresholds, the marginal improvement becomes less significant. An embedment depth of 4 m for shallow sections and 2.5 m for deep sections is recommended to balance deformation control and construction economy. Diaphragm walls outperform bored piles and secant piles in deformation control. The optimized design achieves an estimated cost reduction of approximately 15% while maintaining safety requirements. The optimized parameters and comparative conclusions derived from this study can be directly applied to the design of deep foundation pits for metro stations under similar geological conditions. These findings provide crucial data support and theoretical reference for formulating more economical and safer design codes and standards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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18 pages, 2526 KB  
Article
An Analysis of the Response of a Special-Shaped Integrated Pipe Gallery to Ground Fissure Activity During the Construction Period
by Yutong Zhang, Xueyan Wang, Feilong Yan, Li Wang and Nan Xiao
Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4014; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224014 - 7 Nov 2025
Viewed by 642
Abstract
Distinct differences exist between utility tunnels with an irregular cross section and those with a conventional rectangular cross section in terms of construction processes and structural mechanical characteristics. Therefore, based on an ultra-long underground utility tunnel project in China, this study employs the [...] Read more.
Distinct differences exist between utility tunnels with an irregular cross section and those with a conventional rectangular cross section in terms of construction processes and structural mechanical characteristics. Therefore, based on an ultra-long underground utility tunnel project in China, this study employs the numerical analysis software ABAQUS 2016 to conduct an in-depth investigation into the construction process and mechanical behavior of an irregular cross-section tunnel subjected to fault dislocation activity. The analytical results indicate that utility tunnels with different cross-sectional types exhibit identical failure characteristics when intersected by a ground fissure. Specifically, as the fault dislocation magnitude increases, surface settlement continuously intensifies. The tunnel segment located on the hanging wall undergoes significant settlement deformation, whereas the segment on the footwall remains relatively stable. The tunnel as a whole demonstrates “bending deformation,” which is particularly pronounced at the location of the ground fissure. However, under oblique intersection conditions, the irregular cross-section tunnel generates greater tensile stresses than those generated in orthogonal intersection scenarios. Notably, relatively high tensile stresses concentrate at the junction between the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber. Consequently, segmentation and joint installation measures must be implemented in this area during the structural design phase, and targeted monitoring and reinforcement are essential during construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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27 pages, 6833 KB  
Article
Determining the Optimal FRP Mesh–ECC Retrofit Scheme for Corroded RC Structures: A Novel Multi-Dimensional Assessment Framework
by Yang Wang, Pin Wang, Dong-Bo Wan, Bo Zhang, Yi-Heng Li, Hao Huo, Zhen-Yun Yu, Yi-Wen Qu and Kuang-Yu Dai
Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3823; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213823 - 23 Oct 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 993
Abstract
Reinforcement corrosion significantly reduces the load-bearing capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, thereby increasing their seismic failure risk. To enhance the seismic performance of in-service RC structures, this study employs an FRP mesh–engineered cementitious composite (ECC) retrofitting method and [...] Read more.
Reinforcement corrosion significantly reduces the load-bearing capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, thereby increasing their seismic failure risk. To enhance the seismic performance of in-service RC structures, this study employs an FRP mesh–engineered cementitious composite (ECC) retrofitting method and develops a multi-objective optimization decision-making framework. A finite element model incorporating reinforcing steel corrosion, concrete deterioration, and bond–slip effects is first established and validated against experimental results. Based on this model, a six-story RC frame is selected as a case study, and eight alternative FRP mesh–ECC retrofitting schemes are designed. Five core indicators are quantified, namely annual collapse probability, expected annual loss, capital expenditure, carbon emissions, and downtime. The results indicate that FRP mesh–ECC retrofitting can significantly improve the seismic performance of corroded RC structures. The overall uniform retrofitting scheme (SCS-2) achieves the most significant improvements in seismic safety and economic performance, but they are associated with highest capital expenditure and carbon emission. Story-differentiated schemes (SCS-3 to SCS-6) provide a trade-off between performance enhancement and cost–emission control. While partial component-focused schemes (SCS-7 and SCS-8) cut cost and carbon but do not lower seismic downtime. Furthermore, the improved fuzzy-TOPSIS method with interval weights and Monte Carlo simulation indicates that the balanced scheme SCS-1 delivers the most robust performance across five dimensions, with a best probability close to 90%. The results confirm the potential of FRP mesh–ECC retrofitting at both component and structural levels and provide a practical reference for selecting seismic retrofitting strategies for existing RC structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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23 pages, 6286 KB  
Article
Study on Punching Shear Performance of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Column-Slab Column Joints in Metro Stations
by Wufeng Mao, Yanmei Ruan, Yuhui Li, Rui Liang, Chenyang Xiao, Yuan Mei and Hongping Lu
Buildings 2025, 15(17), 3219; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173219 - 6 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1091
Abstract
To investigate the strain patterns and shear failure mechanisms of concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) column-end-plate joints during construction, this study designed and fabricated a scaled model of a standard subway station section based on similarity theory. Model tests were conducted under static earth [...] Read more.
To investigate the strain patterns and shear failure mechanisms of concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) column-end-plate joints during construction, this study designed and fabricated a scaled model of a standard subway station section based on similarity theory. Model tests were conducted under static earth pressure loads, and a finite element model was constructed for comparative analysis. The study focused on the ultimate bearing capacity, failure modes, and force transmission mechanisms of the joint, and optimized the analysis using reinforcement parameters. The results showed significant stress concentrations at the joint corners and core, with shear forces gradually forming annular cracks in the top slab concrete. The bearing system formed by the steel tube column and flange was the primary force transmission mechanism, and even after damage, the steel tube could still effectively restrain the core concrete. Increasing the steel bar diameter and increasing the number of slab reinforcements parallel to the beam significantly improved the joint’s mechanical properties. Improving the material properties of the reinforcement increased the joint’s stress and displacement capacity. This research provides a reference for optimizing the design and construction of slab-column joints in subway stations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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29 pages, 15237 KB  
Article
Integrating BIM, Machine Learning, and PMBOK for Green Project Management in Saudi Arabia: A Framework for Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impact Reduction
by Maher Abuhussain, Ali Hussain Alhamami, Khaled Almazam, Omar Humaidan, Faizah Mohammed Bashir and Yakubu Aminu Dodo
Buildings 2025, 15(17), 3031; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173031 - 25 Aug 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3320
Abstract
This study introduces a comprehensive framework combining building information modeling (BIM), project management body of knowledge (PMBOK), and machine learning (ML) to optimize energy efficiency and reduce environmental impacts in Riyadh’s construction sector. The suggested methodology utilizes BIM for dynamic energy simulations and [...] Read more.
This study introduces a comprehensive framework combining building information modeling (BIM), project management body of knowledge (PMBOK), and machine learning (ML) to optimize energy efficiency and reduce environmental impacts in Riyadh’s construction sector. The suggested methodology utilizes BIM for dynamic energy simulations and design visualization, PMBOK for integrating sustainability into project-management processes, and ML for predictive modeling and real-time energy optimization. Implementing an integrated model that incorporates building-management strategies and machine learning for both commercial and residential structures can offer stakeholders a thorough solution for forecasting energy performance and environmental impact. This is particularly essential in arid climates owing to specific conditions and environmental limitations. Using a simulation-based methodology, the framework was evaluated based on two representative case studies: (i) a commercial complex and (ii) a residential building. The neural network (NN), reinforcement learning (RL), and decision tree (DT) were implemented to assess performance in energy prediction and optimization. Results demonstrated notable seasonal energy savings, particularly in spring (15% reduction for commercial buildings) and fall (13% reduction for residential buildings), driven by optimized heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, insulation strategies, and window configurations. ML models successfully predicted energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, enabling targeted mitigation strategies. GHG emissions were reduced by up to 25% in commercial and 20% in residential settings. Among the models, NN achieved the highest predictive accuracy (R2 = 0.95), while RL proved effective in adaptive operational control. This study highlights the synergistic potential of BIM, PMBOK, and ML in advancing green project management and sustainable construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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19 pages, 7576 KB  
Article
Effects of High Temperature on the Interfacial Mechanical Properties of Rubber and Calcium Silicate Hydrate: Nanoscale Insights
by Xuejing Zhang, Yongkang Du, Lei Li, Yuan Mei and Chao Wang
Buildings 2025, 15(16), 2825; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15162825 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 915
Abstract
Currently, the partial substitution of mineral aggregates with rubber particles in the preparation of rubber concrete (RC) is an effective method for recycling waste rubber materials. However, the mechanism of interfacial interactions in RC at high temperatures is not well understood. This study [...] Read more.
Currently, the partial substitution of mineral aggregates with rubber particles in the preparation of rubber concrete (RC) is an effective method for recycling waste rubber materials. However, the mechanism of interfacial interactions in RC at high temperatures is not well understood. This study aims to explore the effect of high temperature on intermolecular interactions at the RC interface and its relationship with macroscopic mechanical properties. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation technology was employed to construct an RC interface model. The temperature is controlled at room temperature (300 K), medium low temperature (320 K, 340 K, 360 K), and high temperature (500 K, 700 K). The interface model was analyzed from multiple dimensions such as binding energy, turning radius, and interface structure. The results show that the higher the temperature, the more easily water molecules aggregate at the interface of the two phases. As the temperature increases, the proportion of water molecules at the interface increases from 6% to 16%. Since rubber and water molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds, the formation of chemical bonds at the interface between the two phases is affected, leading to a decrease in RC binding energy. The interface bonding energy decreases by 12.6% at a temperature of 700 K. In addition, the radius of gyration of rubber is proportional to temperature. As the temperature increases, the average radius of gyration increases from 5.8 Å to 6.15 Å, and the numerical fluctuation amplitude is greater, resulting in a relatively loose and unstable rubber structure. Furthermore, the bonding strength in RC mainly comes from non-hydrogen bond interactions, and high temperatures cause an increase in bond length while reducing the strength and stability of chemical bonds. Finally, high temperatures increase the atomic movement speed in natural rubber (NR). As the temperature increases, the diffusion coefficients of HNR and CNR increase from 0.08 and 0.04 to 1.835 and 1.473, respectively, preventing good connections between atoms at the interface. The study provides nanoscale insights for optimizing RC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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18 pages, 4676 KB  
Article
Integrated Leakage Control Technology for Underground Structures in Karst Terrains: Multi-Stage Grouting and Zoned Remediation at Guangzhou Baiyun Metro Station
by Yanhong Wang, Wentian Xu, Shi Zheng, Jinsong Liu, Muyu Li and Yili Yuan
Buildings 2025, 15(13), 2239; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132239 - 26 Jun 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1564
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive treatment system for addressing leakage challenges in underground structure construction within complex karst terrains, demonstrated through the case of Baiyun Station in Guangzhou. Integrating advanced geological investigation, dynamic grouting techniques, and adaptive structural remediation strategies, this methodology effectively [...] Read more.
This study presents a comprehensive treatment system for addressing leakage challenges in underground structure construction within complex karst terrains, demonstrated through the case of Baiyun Station in Guangzhou. Integrating advanced geological investigation, dynamic grouting techniques, and adaptive structural remediation strategies, this methodology effectively mitigates water inflow risks in structurally heterogeneous karst environments. Key innovations include the “one-trench two-drilling” exploration-grouting system for karst cave detection and filling, a multi-stage emergency water-gushing control protocol combining cofferdam sealing and dual-fluid grouting, and a zoned epoxy resin injection scheme for structural fissure remediation. Implementation at Baiyun Station achieved quantifiable outcomes: karst cave filling rates increased from 35.98% to 82.6%, foundation pit horizontal displacements reduced by 67–68%, and structural seepage repair rates reached 96.4%. The treatment system reduced construction costs by CNY 12 million and shortened schedules by 45 days through optimized pile formation efficiency (98% qualification rate) and minimized rework. While demonstrating superior performance in sealing > 0.2 mm fissures, limitations persist in addressing sub-micron fractures and ensuring long-term epoxy resin durability. This research establishes a replicable framework for underground engineering in karst regions, emphasizing real-time monitoring, multi-technology synergy, and environmental sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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27 pages, 3647 KB  
Article
A Hybrid RBF-PSO Framework for Real-Time Temperature Field Prediction and Hydration Heat Parameter Inversion in Mass Concrete Structures
by Shi Zheng, Lifen Lin, Wufeng Mao, Yanhong Wang, Jinsong Liu and Yili Yuan
Buildings 2025, 15(13), 2236; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132236 - 26 Jun 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1142
Abstract
This study proposes an RBF-PSO hybrid framework for efficient inversion analysis of hydration heat parameters in mass concrete temperature fields, addressing the computational inefficiency and accuracy limitations of traditional methods. By integrating a Radial Basis Function (RBF) surrogate model with Particle Swarm Optimization [...] Read more.
This study proposes an RBF-PSO hybrid framework for efficient inversion analysis of hydration heat parameters in mass concrete temperature fields, addressing the computational inefficiency and accuracy limitations of traditional methods. By integrating a Radial Basis Function (RBF) surrogate model with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), the method reduces reliance on costly finite element simulations while maintaining global search capabilities. Three objective functions—integral-type (F1), feature-driven (F2), and hybrid (F3)—were systematically compared using experimental data from a C40 concrete specimen under controlled curing. The hybrid F3, incorporating Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) for elastic time alignment and feature penalties for engineering-critical metrics, achieved superior performance with a 74% reduction in the prediction error (mean MAE = 1.0 °C) and <2% parameter identification errors, resolving the phase mismatches inherent in F2 and avoiding F1’s prohibitive computational costs (498 FEM calls). Comparative benchmarking against non-surrogate optimizers (PSO, CMA-ES) confirmed a 2.8–4.6× acceleration while maintaining accuracy. Sensitivity analysis identified the ultimate adiabatic temperature rise as the dominant parameter (78% variance contribution), followed by synergistic interactions between hydration rate parameters, and indirect coupling effects of boundary correction coefficients. These findings guided a phased optimization strategy, as follows: prioritizing high-precision calibration of dominant parameters while relaxing constraints on low-sensitivity variables, thereby balancing accuracy and computational efficiency. The framework establishes a closed-loop “monitoring-simulation-optimization” system, enabling real-time temperature prediction and dynamic curing strategy adjustments for heat stress mitigation. Robustness analysis under simulated sensor noise (σ ≤ 2.0 °C) validated operational reliability in field conditions. Validated through multi-sensor field data, this work advances computational intelligence applications in thermomechanical systems, offering a robust paradigm for parameter inversion in large-scale concrete structures and multi-physics coupling problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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14 pages, 1630 KB  
Article
Research on the Initial Launching Technology of Subway Shield Tunneling in Complex Terrain and Numerical Simulation of Soil Deformation
by Jiangka Wang, Hui Li, Xujie Li, Xingzhong Nong, Chen Liu and Tao Yang
Buildings 2025, 15(13), 2222; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132222 - 25 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1606
Abstract
Using the shield project of the Cai Cang Section tunnel of the Guangzhou Metro Line 13 to solve the problem that shield construction is difficult to start in a narrow space and it is easy to disturb the surrounding buildings and pipelines, the [...] Read more.
Using the shield project of the Cai Cang Section tunnel of the Guangzhou Metro Line 13 to solve the problem that shield construction is difficult to start in a narrow space and it is easy to disturb the surrounding buildings and pipelines, the corresponding shield tunneling parameters, construction and transportation plans, residual soil management plans, and grouting reinforcement plans are designed. These are tailored according to different working conditions. Meanwhile, the MIDAS GTS 2022 numerical simulation software is applied to simulate and analyze the impact of shield tunneling construction on soil deformation, and to compare the effects before and after reinforcement of the soil layer during shield tunneling. The results show the amount of disturbance of building pipelines along the tunnel are effectively controlled by designing the corresponding shield tunneling parameters for three working conditions: contact reinforcement zone, entering reinforcement zone, and exiting reinforcement zone. In narrow spaces, three kinds of construction transportation modes (namely, horizontal transportation in the tunnel, translation transportation in the cross passage, and vertical transportation) ensure the smooth transportation of pipe segments and the smooth discharge of shield dregs. After the reinforced area is constructed, secondary grouting with cement mortar effectively reduces the erosion concrete segments by underground water. By comparing the deformation of the tunnel soil layer before and after reinforcement, it is found that the maximum surface deformation of the soil layer is significantly reduced after reinforcement. Specifically, the maximum settlement and maximum uplift are 0.782 mm and 1.87 mm respectively, which represent a reduction of 1.548 mm in the maximum surface settlement, and 0.16 mm in the maximum uplift compared with the unreinforced soil layer. This indicates that setting up a soil reinforcement zone during the initial launching stage can effectively reduce soil deformation. The Cai Cang Section tunnel shield project successfully completed the shield construction in a narrow space, which can be a reference and guide for similar projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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16 pages, 2782 KB  
Article
Construction Scheme and Influence Analysis of Horizontal Small-Clear-Distance Shield Tunnel
by Xujie Li, Hui Li, Yabin Cheng, Bing Zhang, Ming Qiao and Tao Yang
Buildings 2025, 15(13), 2142; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132142 - 20 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1277
Abstract
Based on the construction project of Guangzhou Metro Line 13, this paper explores the special construction scheme for the safety of horizontal small-clear-distance shield tunnel construction, which adopts the construction of a tunnel first and a station later in the actual project to [...] Read more.
Based on the construction project of Guangzhou Metro Line 13, this paper explores the special construction scheme for the safety of horizontal small-clear-distance shield tunnel construction, which adopts the construction of a tunnel first and a station later in the actual project to reduce the impact on the tunnel segment and the existing bridge piles. At the same time, the MIDAS GTS(2022R1) geotechnical and structural finite element analysis software is used to simulate and analyze the shield excavation process by using the stratum–structure modeling method, and the effect of grouting reinforcement in the tunnel is compared and analyzed. Through the research and analysis of the displacement and deformation of the model, the rationality and effectiveness of grouting reinforcement are explored to ensure the smooth implementation of the special construction scheme. The test results show that the implementation of grouting reinforcement measures in the tunnel can effectively control the horizontal deformation of the existing bridge piles and the horizontal deformation of the left line segment of the small-clear-distance section, and the above two deformation indexes are reduced by 67.7% and 72.1%, respectively, compared with the non-reinforcement condition. The settlement deformation of the segment and the surrounding existing bridge piles meets the requirements of the code, so the construction scheme is basically feasible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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21 pages, 4445 KB  
Article
The Mechanical Properties and Durability of the PE-BFRP Hybrid-Fiber-Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC)
by Shasha Xu, Wei Li, Xuezhen Wang, Hongze Zhang, Ju Liu, Hui Jiang, Xuebin Wang, Hongke Ma, Jun Shi, Zhenyun Yu and Kuangyu Dai
Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1860; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111860 - 28 May 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1973
Abstract
This paper investigates the effects of the basalt-fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) and polyethylene (PE) hybrid fiber ratio on the mechanical properties and durability of engineered cementitious composites (ECC). First, four different PE-BFRP hybrid fiber ECC mixtures were systematically prepared by controlling the fiber volume [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the effects of the basalt-fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) and polyethylene (PE) hybrid fiber ratio on the mechanical properties and durability of engineered cementitious composites (ECC). First, four different PE-BFRP hybrid fiber ECC mixtures were systematically prepared by controlling the fiber volume ratio of PE and BFRP fibers. The workability and mechanical properties of the hybrid fiber ECC (HFECC) were then evaluated using flowability tests and multi-scale mechanical tests, including compressive strength, flexural strength, bending toughness, and tensile performance. After that, the durability of HFECC with different fiber ratios was comprehensively assessed through freeze–thaw cycle tests and rapid ion migration tests. Finally, the interface morphology of fibers within the matrix was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that an appropriate hybrid of PE and BFRP fibers can synergistically enhance the crack resistance and toughness of ECC, improving its failure mode. The best performance in terms of flowability and mechanical properties was observed for the HFECC mixture with 1.30% PE fiber volume and 0.30% BFRP fiber volume. With the increase in BFRP fiber content, the freeze–thaw resistance and chloride ion erosion resistance of HFECC were gradually enhanced. This study provides experimental and theoretical support for the design and engineering application of high-performance hybrid fiber ECC materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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15 pages, 856 KB  
Article
Research on a Carbon Emission Prediction Model for the Construction Phase of Underground Space Engineering Based on Typical Resource Carbon Consumption and Its Application
by Yuan Mei, Haokun Wang and Dongbo Zhou
Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1334; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081334 - 17 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1200
Abstract
The trend of global warming remains severe. As one of the major sources of carbon emissions, the construction industry still requires large-scale and effective transformations. This study, grounded in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) theory, carbon emission factor calculation methods, the Monte Carlo method, [...] Read more.
The trend of global warming remains severe. As one of the major sources of carbon emissions, the construction industry still requires large-scale and effective transformations. This study, grounded in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) theory, carbon emission factor calculation methods, the Monte Carlo method, and feedforward neural network algorithms, develops a carbon emission prediction model based on the carbon emissions generated by typical resource consumption. The model is established in the context of typical carbon emission patterns observed during the construction phase of subway stations in China. Furthermore, the feasibility of the proposed model is validated through its application to specific engineering projects. The results demonstrate that (1) the newly developed carbon emission model can accurately predict the carbon emissions associated with the construction phase of subway stations in China; (2) actual carbon emission calculations in construction projects require the integration of data from multiple sources to ensure comprehensive coverage and avoid omissions; and (3) during the construction phase of subway stations, the use of concrete and steel constitutes significant sources of carbon emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Civil Engineering Construction and Management: Innovations in Green Building, Intelligent Construction, and Sustainable Infrastructure Development)
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