The Interplay Between the Brain, Behavior and Immunity

A special issue of Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Behavioral Neuroscience".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 January 2027 | Viewed by 903

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Knappschaft Kliniken Vest, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Dept Neurol, Recklinghausen, Germany
Interests: neuroimmunology; neuroinflammation; glia; epilepsy; pharmacology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Neurological and psychiatric conditions/disorders span autoimmune disorders of the nervous system, epilepsy, movement and neurodegenerative disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, brain tumors, affective and psychotic disorders, substance use, and personality disorders. These are accompanied by various symptoms; among them, behavior changes are common. In recent years, new milestones have been set in the understanding of underlying pathomechanisms. There is a growing body of evidence that immunological factors contributing to neuroinflammation are involved in the pathophysiology of many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Following this, an increasing number of drugs are becoming available for therapeutic approaches, but further intensive research is still being carried out to explore new, safe, and more effective treatment options.

The aim and scope of this Special Issue encompass the interplay between neurological/psychiatric disorders, behavior, treatment options, and immunity/neuroinflammation. We welcome a wide range of papers, from preclinical (in vitro/in vivo) model studies to clinical studies.

Dr. Fatme Seval Ismail
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • behavior
  • therapy
  • drugs
  • immunity
  • neuroinflammation
  • neurological/psychiatric disorders
  • clinical studies
  • in vivo/in vitro models

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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15 pages, 917 KB  
Systematic Review
Neuroimmune Dysregulation and the Role of IL-10 in Depression: A Systematic Review
by José Luis Cortes-Altamirano, Alfonso Alfaro-Rodríguez, Angélica González-Maciel, Beatriz Pérez-Guille, Rosa Eugenia Soriano-Rosales, Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime, Alberto Ávila-Luna, Antonio Bueno-Nava, Pedro Sánchez-Aparicio and Ana Lilia Dotor-Llerena
Brain Sci. 2026, 16(6), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16060548 - 22 May 2026
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Abstract
Background: Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) represents a major clinical challenge and is increasingly associated with persistent neuroinflammatory processes. Evidence suggests that dysregulation of the immune system, particularly the imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, contributes to poor therapeutic response. In this context, interleukin-10 (IL-10) [...] Read more.
Background: Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) represents a major clinical challenge and is increasingly associated with persistent neuroinflammatory processes. Evidence suggests that dysregulation of the immune system, particularly the imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, contributes to poor therapeutic response. In this context, interleukin-10 (IL-10) has emerged as a key mediator in regulating the inflammatory response. Objective: To systematically analyze the evidence on neuroimmune dysregulation in depression, with an emphasis on TRD, and to evaluate the potential role of IL-10 as a biomarker and modulator of therapeutic response. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Fourteen studies were included, comprising randomized clinical trials, longitudinal studies, a prospective cohort study, and exploratory designs. Methodological quality was assessed using the RoB 2 tool and complementary approaches. Data were integrated through a qualitative analysis focused on inflammatory biomarkers and clinical outcomes. Results: The studies consistently showed an association between elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, and the severity of depressive symptoms, as well as reduced response to conventional treatments. Immunomodulatory interventions, including ketamine, pentoxifylline, and minocycline, were associated with clinical improvement, particularly in patients with elevated baseline inflammation. IL-10 appears to be involved in counter-regulatory neuroimmune processes associated with inflammatory balance. Conclusions: Neuroinflammation plays a central role in TRD. IL-10 may serve as a relevant biomarker and a potential target for personalized therapeutic strategies informed by immune profiles, through modulation of neuroinflammatory pathways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interplay Between the Brain, Behavior and Immunity)
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