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Biomolecules
Special Issues
Prostate Cancer Biomarkers and Therapeutics
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Prostate Cancer Biomarkers and Therapeutics

A special issue of Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biomarkers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2025) | Viewed by 9766

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Kamlesh Kumar Yadav

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
Interests: prostate cancer; biomarkers; therapeutics; chemotherapy; immunotherapy; radiation therapy; machine learning

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men worldwide. Although the five-year survival rate is 98%, the disease presents remarkable heterogeneity in its progression and seems to be influenced not only by genetics and family history but also by race, diet and lifestyle. Since early detection is key to increased survival, significant developments have occurred recently with the advent of biomarkers such as PSA, PCA3, TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, etc. However, many of the screening biomarkers suffer from poor specificity and sensitivity and do not accurately predict survival or treatment outcomes. Thus, the development of new biomarkers and/or strategies for the incorporation of existing biomarkers with machine learning technology is urgently needed for accurate personalized diagnosis and treatment outcome predictions. On the treatment front, there has been an increase in the availability of new therapies, including targeted, combinatorial and immunotherapies. Although the mainstay of the therapy is targeting the androgen signaling axis, new strategies have recently been developed that are improving radiation and chemotherapy outcomes through the utilization of immune-targeted radiation therapy and personalized combinatorial chemo and immunotherapy. This Special Issue aims to consolidate recent advancements in prostate cancer biomarkers and therapeutics, which will be of interest to both researchers and clinicians.

Dr. Kamlesh Kumar Yadav
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • prostate cancer
  • biomarkers
  • therapeutics
  • chemotherapy
  • immunotherapy
  • radiation therapy
  • machine learning

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 4461 KiB  
Article
Exploring a Novel Role of Glycerol Kinase 1 in Prostate Cancer PC-3 Cells
by Bobae Park, Sang-Hun Kim, Sun-Nyoung Yu, Kwang-Youn Kim, Hoyeon Jeon and Soon-Cheol Ahn
Biomolecules 2024, 14(8), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14080997 - 13 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1810
Abstract
Clinically, prostate cancer is infamous for its histological and molecular heterogeneity, which causes great challenges to pinpoint therapy and pharmaceutical development. To overcome these difficulties, researchers are focusing on modulating tumor microenvironment and immune responses in addition to genetic alteration and epigenetic regulation. [...] Read more.
Clinically, prostate cancer is infamous for its histological and molecular heterogeneity, which causes great challenges to pinpoint therapy and pharmaceutical development. To overcome these difficulties, researchers are focusing on modulating tumor microenvironment and immune responses in addition to genetic alteration and epigenetic regulation. Here, we aimed to identify potential biomarkers or modulators of prostate cancer by investigating genes specifically altered in prostate cancer cells treated with established anti-cancer agents. Glycerol kinase 1 (GK1) is phosphotransferase encoded on the X chromosome, is associated with the synthesis of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids, and has been mainly studied for X-linked metabolic disorder GK deficiency (GKD). Interestingly, our DNA microarray analysis showed that several anti-cancer agents highly induced the expression of GK1, especially GK1a and GK1b isoforms, in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. To elucidate the relationship between GK1 and cancer cell death, a human GK1b-specific expression vector was constructed and transfected into the PC-3 cells. Surprisingly, GK1b overexpression dramatically reduced cell viability and significantly accelerated apoptotic cell death. These findings suggest that GK1b may serve as a promising modulator and biomarker of cell death in prostate cancer, offering potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prostate Cancer Biomarkers and Therapeutics)
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9 pages, 440 KiB  
Article
Effect of 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Prostate Cancer Detection
by Juan Morote, Natàlia Picola, Jesús Muñoz-Rodriguez, Nahuel Paesano, Xavier Ruiz-Plazas, Marta V. Muñoz-Rivero, Ana Celma, Gemma García-de Manuel, Berta Miró, Pol Servian and José M. Abascal
Biomolecules 2024, 14(2), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14020193 - 5 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1821
Abstract
Concerns exist regarding the effects of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) on multipa-rametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) detection. Our objective is to analyze the effect of 5-ARI on the prostate imaging–reporting and data system (PI-RADS) distribution and csPCa [...] Read more.
Concerns exist regarding the effects of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) on multipa-rametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) detection. Our objective is to analyze the effect of 5-ARI on the prostate imaging–reporting and data system (PI-RADS) distribution and csPCa and insignificant PCa (iPCa) detection. Among 2212 men with serum prostate-specific antigen levels of >3.0 ng/mL and/or suspicious digital rectal examinations who underwent mpMRI and targeted and/or systematic biopsies, 120 individuals exposed to 5-ARI treatment for over a year were identified. CsPCa was defined when the grade group (GG) was >2. The overall csPCa and iPCa detection rates were 44.6% and 18.8%, respectively. Since logistic regression revealed independent predictors of PCa, a randomized matched group of 236 individuals was selected for analysis. The PI-RADS distribution was comparable with 5-ARI exposure (p 0.685). The CsPCa detection rates in 5-ARI-naïve men and 5-ARI-exposed men were 52.6% and 47.4%, respectively (p 0.596). IPCa was detected in 37.6 and 62.5%, respectively (p 0.089). The tumor GG distribution based on 5-ARI exposure was similar (p 0.149) to the rates of csPCa and iPCa across the PI-RADS categories. We conclude that exposure to 5-ARI in suspected PCa men did not change the PI-RADS distribution and the csPCa and iPCa detection rates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prostate Cancer Biomarkers and Therapeutics)
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Review

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42 pages, 3927 KiB  
Review
Precision Targeting in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Molecular Insights to Therapeutic Frontiers
by Whi-An Kwon and Jae Young Joung
Biomolecules 2025, 15(5), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15050625 - 27 Apr 2025
Viewed by 306
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) remains a significant cause of cancer-related mortality in men. Advances in molecular profiling have demonstrated that the androgen receptor (AR) axis, DNA damage repair pathways, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway are critical drivers of disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Despite [...] Read more.
Metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) remains a significant cause of cancer-related mortality in men. Advances in molecular profiling have demonstrated that the androgen receptor (AR) axis, DNA damage repair pathways, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway are critical drivers of disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Despite the established benefits of hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and bone-targeting agents, mPCa commonly becomes treatment-resistant. Recent breakthroughs have highlighted the importance of identifying actionable genetic alterations, such as BRCA2 or ATM defects, that render tumors sensitive to poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Parallel efforts have refined imaging—particularly prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography-computed tomography—to detect and localize metastatic lesions with high sensitivity, thereby guiding patient selection for PSMA-targeted radioligand therapies. Multi-omics innovations, including liquid biopsy technologies, enable the real-time tracking of emergent AR splice variants or reversion mutations, supporting adaptive therapy paradigms. Nonetheless, the complexity of mPCa necessitates combination strategies, such as pairing AR inhibition with PI3K/AKT blockade or PARP inhibitors, to inhibit tumor plasticity. Immuno-oncological approaches remain challenging for unselected patients; however, subsets with mismatch repair deficiency or neuroendocrine phenotypes may benefit from immune checkpoint blockade or targeted epigenetic interventions. We present these pivotal advances, and discuss how biomarker-guided integrative treatments can improve mPCa management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prostate Cancer Biomarkers and Therapeutics)
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27 pages, 1718 KiB  
Review
NK Cell-Microbiota Interaction Biomarker Strategy: Advancing Prostate Cancer Management
by Sara Fanijavadi, Torben Frøstrup Hansen and Ahmed Hussein Zedan
Biomolecules 2025, 15(2), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15020273 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1212
Abstract
The role of natural killer (NK) cells in the management of prostate cancer (PCa) remains incompletely understood. Some have proposed that measuring NK cells in blood samples could serve as a reliable, minimally invasive tool for screening, assessing treatment effects, and predicting survival [...] Read more.
The role of natural killer (NK) cells in the management of prostate cancer (PCa) remains incompletely understood. Some have proposed that measuring NK cells in blood samples could serve as a reliable, minimally invasive tool for screening, assessing treatment effects, and predicting survival outcomes in PCa patients. However, the significance of different NK cell phenotypes remains unclear. Given the interplay between NK cells and the microbiome, we hypothesize that a combined signature of NK cell phenotypes derived from blood, along with microbiome profiles from oral, urine, and stool samples, could serve as a surrogate marker for NK cell activity in tumor and its microenvironment. Such an approach provides a practical alternative to invasive tumor biopsies by enabling the indirect assessment of NK cell function in tumors. Additionally, profiling NK cell phenotypes and their interactions with the microbiota has the potential to enhance prognostic accuracy and guide the development of personalized therapeutic strategies. Prospective studies are needed to validate the utility of NK cell and microbiome assays in personalized PCa management, with a focus on minimally invasive procedures and predictive signatures for treatment outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prostate Cancer Biomarkers and Therapeutics)
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18 pages, 756 KiB  
Review
Caspase-Linked Programmed Cell Death in Prostate Cancer: From Apoptosis, Necroptosis, and Pyroptosis to PANoptosis
by Minggang Zhu, Di Liu, Guoqiang Liu, Mingrui Zhang and Feng Pan
Biomolecules 2023, 13(12), 1715; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13121715 - 28 Nov 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3591
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a complex disease and the cause of one of the highest cancer-related mortalities in men worldwide. Annually, more than 1.2 million new cases are diagnosed globally, accounting for 7% of newly diagnosed cancers in men. Programmed cell death (PCD) [...] Read more.
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a complex disease and the cause of one of the highest cancer-related mortalities in men worldwide. Annually, more than 1.2 million new cases are diagnosed globally, accounting for 7% of newly diagnosed cancers in men. Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an essential role in removing infected, functionally dispensable, or potentially neoplastic cells. Apoptosis is the canonical form of PCD with no inflammatory responses elicited, and the close relationship between apoptosis and PCa has been well studied. Necroptosis and pyroptosis are two lytic forms of PCD that result in the release of intracellular contents, which induce inflammatory responses. An increasing number of studies have confirmed that necroptosis and pyroptosis are also closely related to the occurrence and progression of PCa. Recently, a novel form of PCD named PANoptosis, which is a combination of apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, revealed the attached connection among them and may be a promising target for PCa. Apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and PANoptosis are good examples to better understand the mechanism underlying PCD in PCa. This review aims to summarize the emerging roles and therapeutic potential of apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and PANoptosis in PCa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prostate Cancer Biomarkers and Therapeutics)
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