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Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and Related Signaling Molecules in Health and Disease

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A special issue of Biology (ISSN 2079-7737). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 8089

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Glenn P. Dorsam

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Guest Editor

Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102-5060, USA
Interests: vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP); G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR); microbiota; metabolism; gluconeogenesis; intestinal homeostasis; fatty acid metabolism; glucose metabolism; obesity; type 2 diabetes (T2D); immune function

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide with a broad expression profile, regulating diurnal feeding behavior, metabolism, and immunity. VIP is delivered by the peripheral nervous system to numerous organs, including the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues of the pulmonary and gastrointestinal tract. VIP signals with a high affinity (K_d = 1 nM) through at least two endogenous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), called vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (VPAC) 1 and VPAC2. A third low affinity receptor (K_d = 1 μM), termed PAC1, also binds VIP. VIP is part of a larger family of biologically active peptides that includes pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), which shares a 68% amino acid identity with VIP and binds all three receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2) with a high affinity (≈1 nM Kd).

I invite my colleagues in this field to contribute to this Special Issue on VIP/PACAP and its related peptides in health and disease by providing research articles or relevant topic reviews. This Special Issue will act as an important depository for novel and review research summaries in the VIP/PACAP family of signaling peptides in health and disease.

Dr. Glenn P. Dorsam
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biology is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)
pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)
secretin (SCT)
peptide histidine methionine (PHM)
PACAP-related peptide (PRP)
glucagon (GCG)
metabolism
immunity

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 1138 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Pressure-Dependent Elevation of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Level in Chicken Choroid

by Evgeny Privalov, Matthias Zenkel, Ursula Schloetzer-Schrehardt, Stefanie Kuerten, Antonio Bergua and Bettina Hohberger

Biology 2023, 12(4), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12040495 - 24 Mar 2023

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Abstract

Purpose: Autonomic control is important in maintaining ocular integrity. As recent data suggested that intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN), an intrinsic choroidal autonomic control, may regulate choroidal thickening via release of the vasodilative vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), it was the aim of the study to investigate the level of choroidal VIP (VIP_chor) in the presence of an increased atmospheric pressure in a chicken model. Methods: Chicken choroidal whole mounts were exposed to ambient pressure (n = 20) and 40 mm Hg (n = 20) in a PC-controlled, open chamber system for 24 and 72 h, respectively. The VIP concentration was analyzed by ELISA, and the total protein concentration was measured by the BCA assay. Statistical analysis was done using an unpaired two-tailed t-test. Results: The pressurization systems enabled choroidal whole mount pressurization (40 mm Hg) with humidifying, pressure, temperature, and gas exchange. Overall, the VIP_chor level concentration was significantly increased at 40 mmHg compared to the ambient pressure (30.09 ± 7.18 pg vs. 20.69 ± 3.24 pg; p < 0.0001). Subgroup analysis yielded a significantly increased VIP_chor level at 40 mmHg compared to the ambient pressure after 24 h (28.42 ± 6.03 pg vs. 20.76 ± 4.06 pg; p = 0.005) and 72 h (31.77 ± 7.82 pg vs. 20.61 ± 2.12 pg; p = 0.002), respectively. The VIP_chor elevation at 40 mm Hg ranged between 1.37- (24 h) and 1.54-fold (72 h) compared to the ambient pressure. No difference was observed between the VIP_chor level at 24 h and 72 h (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The increase of the total choroidal VIP level, representing the intracellular VIP content, in the presence of an increased ambient pressure argues for a retention of VIP within the neurons, decreasing both vasodilatation and, consequently, choroid thickness. This finding might be a passive or even active function of ICN in the regulation of choroidal thickness, ocular integrity and IOP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and Related Signaling Molecules in Health and Disease)

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20 pages, 2886 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Messenger RNA Gene Expression Screening of VIP and PACAP Neuropeptides and Their Endogenous Receptors in Ruminants

by Emma Hawley, Kafi Mia, Mustapha Yusuf, Kendall C. Swanson, Curt Doetkott and Glenn P. Dorsam

Biology 2022, 11(10), 1512; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11101512 - 15 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1557

Abstract

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and Pituitary Adenylate-Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP) are anti-inflammatory neuropeptides that play important roles in human and rodent gut microbiota homeostasis and host immunity. Pharmacologically regulating these neuropeptides is expected to have significant health and feed efficiency benefits for agriculturally relevant animals. However, their expression profile in ruminant tissues is not well characterized. To this end, we screened for VIP and PACAP neuropeptides and their endogenous GPCRs using 15 different tissues from wethers and steers by RT-qPCR. Our results revealed relatively similar expression profiles for both VIP and PACAP neuropeptide ligands in the brain and intestinal tissue of both species. In contrast, the tissue expression profiles for VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 were more widespread and disparate, with VPAC1 being the most diversely expressed receptor with mRNA detection in the brain and throughout the gastrointestinal tract. These data are an important first step to allow for future investigations regarding the VIP and PACAP signaling pathways in livestock ruminant species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and Related Signaling Molecules in Health and Disease)

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21 pages, 2432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endogenous VIP VPAC₁ Receptor Activation Modulates Hippocampal Theta Burst Induced LTP: Transduction Pathways and GABAergic Mechanisms

by Ana Caulino-Rocha, Nádia Carolina Rodrigues, Joaquim Alexandre Ribeiro and Diana Cunha-Reis

Biology 2022, 11(5), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11050627 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2252

Abstract

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), acting on both VPAC₁ and VPAC₂ receptors, is a key modulator of hippocampal synaptic transmission, pyramidal cell excitability and long-term depression (LTD), exerting its effects partly through modulation GABAergic disinhibitory circuits. Yet, the role of endogenous VIP and its receptors in modulation of hippocampal LTP and the involvement of disinhibition in this modulation have scarcely been investigated. We studied the modulation of CA1 LTP induced by TBS via endogenous VIP release in hippocampal slices from young-adult Wistar rats using selective VPAC₁ and VPAC₂ receptor antagonists, evaluating its consequence for the phosphorylation of CamKII, GluA1 AMPA receptor subunits and Kv4.2 potassium channels in total hippocampal membranes obtained from TBS stimulated slices. Endogenous VIP, acting on VPAC₁ (but not VPAC₂) receptors, inhibited CA1 hippocampal LTP induced by TBS in young adult Wistar rats and this effect was dependent on GABAergic transmission and relied on the integrity of NMDA and CaMKII-dependent LTP expression mechanisms but not on PKA and PKC activity. Furthermore, it regulated the autophosphorylation of CaMKII and the expression and Ser₄₃₈ phosphorylation of Kv4.2 potassium channels responsible for the A-current while inhibiting phosphorylation of Kv4.2 on Thr₆₀₇. Altogether, this suggests that endogenous VIP controls the expression of hippocampal CA1 LTP by regulating disinhibition through activation of VPAC₁ receptors in interneurons. This may impact the autophosphorylation of CaMKII during LTP, as well as the expression and phosphorylation of Kv4.2 K⁺ channels at hippocampal pyramidal cell dendrites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and Related Signaling Molecules in Health and Disease)

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Graphical abstract

17 pages, 4021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The VIP/VPAC1R Pathway Regulates Energy and Glucose Homeostasis by Modulating GLP-1, Glucagon, Leptin and PYY Levels in Mice

by Daniel Sanford, Leon Luong, John P. Vu, Suwan Oh, Arielle Gabalski, Michael Lewis, Joseph R. Pisegna and Patrizia Germano

Biology 2022, 11(3), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030431 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2210

Abstract

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide binds with high affinity to VPAC1R and VPAC2R, thus regulating key physiologic functions. Previously, we documented in VIP^−/− mice a leaner body phenotype and altered metabolic hormones. Past reports described in VPAC2^−/− mice impaired circadian rhythm, reduced food intake, and altered metabolism. To better define the effects of VPAC1R on body phenotype, energy/glucose homeostasis, and metabolism, we conducted a 12-week study in a VPAC1R null model. Our results reveal that VPAC1^−/− mice experienced significant metabolic alterations during the dark cycle with greater numbers of feeding bouts (p = 0.009), lower Total Energy Expenditure (p = 0.025), VO₂ (p = 0.029), and VCO₂ (p = 0.016); as well as during the light cycle with lower Total Energy Expenditure (p = 0.04), VO₂ (p = 0.044), and VCO₂ (p = 0.029). Furthermore, VPAC1^−/− mice had significantly higher levels of GLP-1 and PYY during fasting, and higher levels of GLP-1, glucagon leptin and PYY during postprandial conditions. In addition, VPAC1^−/− mice had lower levels of glucose at 60′ and 120′, as assessed by insulin tolerance test. In conclusion, this study supports a key role for VPAC1R in the regulation of body glucose/energy homeostasis and metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and Related Signaling Molecules in Health and Disease)

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