Milk Oligosaccharides: Biological Functions and Application Prospects

A special issue of Biology (ISSN 2079-7737). This special issue belongs to the section "Biochemistry and Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 4944

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Proteomics Core Facility at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
Interests: glycomics; glycosyltransferase; mucins; milk oligosaccharide

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Milk oligosaccharide fraction (MO) is the third largest constituent of mammalian milk and colostrum, following lactose and lipids. Since the first individual human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) was characterized in 1930, the biological significance of MO, especially HMO, has been explored continuously. Additionally, infant nutrition, biological functions and structural diversity among mammalian species still gain significant attention, with primary research into balancing infants’ gut microbiota as a prebiotic, the utilization of antiadhesives as anti-infection agents, and deploying immune system modulators and nutrients for brain development. In addition to these common functions, the heterogeneity and diversity of MO in most mammals studied thus far indicate they may serve different physiological significances. This Special Issue aims to present the main lines of MO from new species, highlight new aseptic methods, and share future perspectives of MO biological function.

Dr. Chunsheng Jin
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • milk oligosaccharides
  • colostrum
  • HMO
  • gut microbiota
  • immune modulator
  • prebiotics

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 1857 KiB  
Article
Computational Identification of Milk Trait Regulation Through Transcription Factor Cooperation in Murciano-Granadina Goats
by Muhammad Imran Khan, Hendrik Bertram, Armin Otto Schmitt, Faisal Ramzan and Mehmet Gültas
Biology 2024, 13(11), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110929 - 15 Nov 2024
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Abstract
The Murciano-Granadina goat (MUG) is a renowned dairy breed, known for its adaptability and resilience, as well as for its exceptional milk traits characterized by high protein and fat content, along with low somatic cell counts. These traits are governed by complex biological [...] Read more.
The Murciano-Granadina goat (MUG) is a renowned dairy breed, known for its adaptability and resilience, as well as for its exceptional milk traits characterized by high protein and fat content, along with low somatic cell counts. These traits are governed by complex biological processes, crucial in shaping phenotypic diversity. Thus, it is imperative to explore the factors regulating milk production and lactation for this breed. In this study, we investigated the genetic architecture of seven milk traits in MUGs, employing a two-step computational analysis to examine genotype–phenotype associations. Initially, a random forest algorithm identified the relative importance of each single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in determining the traits of interest. The second step applied an information theory-based approach to exploring the complex genetic architecture of quantitative milk traits, focusing on epistatic interactions that may have been overlooked in the first step. These approaches allowed us to identify an almost distinct set of candidate genes for each trait. In contrast, by analyzing the promoter regions of these genes, we revealed common regulatory networks among the milk traits under study. These findings are crucial for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying gene regulation, and they highlight the pivotal role of transcription factors (TFs) and their preferential interactions in the development of these traits. Notably, TFs such as DBP, HAND1E47, HOXA4, PPARA, and THAP1 were consistently identified for all traits, highlighting their important roles in immunity within the mammary gland and milk production during lactation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Milk Oligosaccharides: Biological Functions and Application Prospects)
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13 pages, 2123 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Analysis of Milk Oligosaccharides via LC-MS: Globally Distributed Cattle Breeds and Native Northern Finncattle
by Yu Wang, Yu-Ping Huang, Mana Rogers, Heidi Leskinen, Päivi Soppela, Anne Tuomivaara, Juha Hyvönen and Daniela Barile
Biology 2024, 13(11), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110855 - 23 Oct 2024
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Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of various monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic bonds. They play an essential role in promoting gut health by fostering beneficial bacteria, supporting the development of the immune system, and protecting against infections and diseases. This work [...] Read more.
Milk oligosaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of various monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic bonds. They play an essential role in promoting gut health by fostering beneficial bacteria, supporting the development of the immune system, and protecting against infections and diseases. This work compared the oligosaccharide profiles in widely utilized breeds such as Holstein and Ayrshire (Nordic Red), with the native Northern Finncattle, which is considered an endangered breed. Oligosaccharides were extracted from milk and analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The composition and relative abundance of the identified oligosaccharides were characterized and compared. The statistical analyses showed that neutral, sialylated, and fucosylated oligosaccharides vary among the breeds. Ayrshire and Northern Finncattle oligosaccharides formed a cluster, while Holstein’s profile shared features with both Ayrshire and Northern Finncattle. Holstein had the lowest abundance of fucosylated OS among the three breeds, with Ayrshire having the highest content followed by Northern Finncattle. The relatively higher sialylated over neutral content of Northern Finncattle is an important feature that should be preserved. Ayrshire is a good candidate to recover more diverse oligosaccharides with potential gut health implications for consumers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Milk Oligosaccharides: Biological Functions and Application Prospects)
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Review

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14 pages, 1157 KiB  
Review
The Role of Milk Oligosaccharides in Enhancing Intestinal Microbiota, Intestinal Integrity, and Immune Function in Pigs: A Comparative Review
by Alexa Gormley, Yesid Garavito-Duarte and Sung Woo Kim
Biology 2024, 13(9), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090663 - 26 Aug 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1819
Abstract
The objective of this review was to identify the characteristics and functional roles of milk coproducts from human, bovine, and porcine sources and their impacts on the intestinal microbiota and intestinal immunity of suckling and nursery pigs. Modern pig production weans piglets at [...] Read more.
The objective of this review was to identify the characteristics and functional roles of milk coproducts from human, bovine, and porcine sources and their impacts on the intestinal microbiota and intestinal immunity of suckling and nursery pigs. Modern pig production weans piglets at 3 to 4 weeks of age, which is earlier than pigs would naturally be weaned outside of artificial rearing. As a result, the immature intestines of suckling and nursery pigs face many challenges associated with intestinal dysbiosis, which can be caused by weaning stress or the colonization of the intestines by enteric pathogens. Milk oligosaccharides are found in sow milk and function as a prebiotic in the intestines of pigs as they cannot be degraded by mammalian enzymes and are thus utilized by intestinal microbial populations. The consumption of milk oligosaccharides during suckling and through the nursery phase can provide benefits to young pigs by encouraging the proliferation of beneficial microbial populations, preventing pathogen adhesion to enterocytes, and through directly modulating immune responses. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the specific functional components of milk oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and porcine sources, and identify potential strategies to utilize milk oligosaccharides to benefit young pigs through the suckling and nursery periods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Milk Oligosaccharides: Biological Functions and Application Prospects)
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