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Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care

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A special issue of Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomechanics and Sports Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (24 February 2023) | Viewed by 27925

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yaodong Gu

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
Interests: sports science; physical activity; biomedical engineering; biomechanics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Justin Fernandez

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Guest Editor

Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Interests: mechanobiology; biomedical engineering; musculoskeletal modelling; bone remodeling; infant gait; wearable technology; orthopedics and joint implant; muscle mechanics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Biomedical and bioengineering informatics is an evolving discipline that has grown along with advances in biomedicine, which applies the principles of biology, biochemistry, and biomechanics, to medicine and healthcare and even sports. The impressive biomedical information technologies emerging over the past few decades have greatly expanded our ability to non-invasively interrogate complex anatomical structures in fine detail, together with traditional scientific research, to uncover sports injury, guide management, and prognosis, especially in sports monitoring and healthcare. Moreover, with the rise of the widespread digitisation of health data, sports physicians also have a clear interest in biomedical information technology based on artificial intelligence and cloud computing, and other ways of presenting. Therefore, this Special Issue plans to give an overview of the most recent advances in the field of biomedical information technology and their applications in diverse areas and reach across medical disciplines to provide selected contributions on advances in the application of biomedical information in sports monitoring and healthcare.

Potential topics include but are not limited to:

Information technology solutions for healthcare;
Imaging techniques for common sports-related injuries;
Current approaches in bioinformatics for clinical application;
Image-based musculoskeletal modelling;
Health monitoring based on wearable technology;
Diagnostic imaging in sports and healthcare.

Prof. Dr. Yaodong Gu
Dr. Justin Fernandez
Guest Editors

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Keywords

biomedical
bioengineering
sport monitoring
healthcare
musculoskeletal modelling
sport injury

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 2663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient 2D Neck Model for Simulation of the Whiplash Injury Mechanism

by Diamantino Henriques, Ana P. Martins and Marta S. Carvalho

Bioengineering 2024, 11(2), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11020129 - 29 Jan 2024

Viewed by 727

Abstract

Whiplash injuries, mainly located in the neck, are one of the most common injuries resulting from road collisions. These injuries can be particularly challenging to detect, compromising the ability to monitor patients adequately. This work presents the development and validation of a computationally efficient model, called Efficient Neck Model—2D (ENM-2D), capable of simulating the whiplash injury mechanism. ENM-2D is a planar multibody model consisting of several bodies that model the head and neck with the same mass and inertia properties of a male occupant model in the 50th percentile. The damping and non-linear spring parameters of the kinematic joints were identified through a multiobjective optimization process, solved sequentially. The TNO-Human Body Model (TNO-HBM), a validated occupant model for rear impact, was simulated, and its responses were used as a reference for validation purposes. The root mean square (RMS) of the deviations of angular positions of the bodies were used as objective functions, starting from the bottom vertebra to the top, and ending in the head. The sequence was repeated until it converged, ending the optimization process. The identified ENM-2D model could simulate the whiplash injury mechanism kinematics and accurately determine the injury criteria associated with head and neck injuries. It had a relative deviation of 8.3% for the head injury criteria and was 12.5 times faster than the reference model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)

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16 pages, 4341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Biomechanical Analysis of Unilateral, Bilateral, and Lateral Pedicle Screw Implantation in Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Finite Element Study

by Chien-Chou Pan, Cheng-Hung Lee, Kun-Hui Chen, Yu-Chun Yen and Kuo-Chih Su

Bioengineering 2023, 10(11), 1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10111238 - 24 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 984

Abstract

Oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) can be combined with different screw instrumentations. The standard screw instrumentation is bilateral pedicle screw fixation (BPSF). However, the operation is time consuming because a lateral recumbent position must be adopted for OLIF during surgery before a prone position is adopted for BPSF. This study aimed to employ a finite element analysis to investigate the biomechanical effects of OLIF combined with BPSF, unilateral pedicle screw fixation (UPSF), or lateral pedicle screw fixation (LPSF). In this study, three lumbar vertebra finite element models for OLIF surgery with three different fixation methods were developed. The finite element models were assigned six loading conditions (flexion, extension, right lateral bending, left lateral bending, right axial rotation, and left axial rotation), and the total deformation and von Mises stress distribution of the finite element models were observed. The study results showed unremarkable differences in total deformation among different groups (the maximum difference range is approximately 0.6248% to 1.3227%), and that flexion has larger total deformation (5.3604 mm to 5.4011 mm). The groups exhibited different endplate stress because of different movements, but these differences were not large (the maximum difference range between each group is approximately 0.455% to 5.0102%). Using UPSF fixation may lead to higher cage stress (411.08 MPa); however, the stress produced on the endplate was comparable to that in the other two groups. Therefore, the length of surgery can be shortened when unilateral back screws are used for UPSF. In addition, the total deformation and endplate stress of UPSF did not differ much from that of BPSF. Hence, combining OLIF with UPSF can save time and enhance stability, which is comparable to a standard BPSF surgery; thus, this method can be considered by spine surgeons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)

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11 pages, 3724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Analysis of Head–Neck Kinematics in Rear-End Impact Conditions with Headrest

by Yuan Wang, Hanhui Jiang, Ee Chon Teo and Yaodong Gu

Bioengineering 2023, 10(9), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10091059 - 08 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 972

Abstract

A detailed three-dimensional (3D) head–neck (C0–C7) finite element (FE) model was developed and used to dictate the motions of each cervical spinal segment under static physiological loadings of flexion and extension with a magnitude of 1.0 Nm and rear-end impacts. In this dynamic study, a rear-end impact pulse was applied to C7 to create accelerations of 4.5 G and 8.5 G. The predicted segmental motions and displacements of the head were in agreement with published results under physiological loads of 1.0 Nm. Under rear-end impact conditions, the effects of peak pulse acceleration and headrest angles on the kinematic responses of the head–neck complex showed rates of increase/decrease in the rotational motion of various cervical spinal segments that were different in the first 200 ms. The peak flexion rotation of all segments was lower than the combined ROM of flexion and extension. The peak extension rotation of all segments showed variation compared to the combined ROM of flexion and extension depending on G and the headrest angle. A higher acceleration of C7 increased the peak extension angle of lower levels, but the absolute increase was restricted by the distance between the head and the headrest. A change in the headrest angle from 45° to 30° resulted in a change in extension rotation at the lower C5–C6 segments to flexion rotation, which further justified the effectiveness of having distance between the head and the headrest. This study shows that the existing C0-C7 FE model is efficient at defining the gross reactions of the human cervical spine under both physiological static and simulated whiplash circumstances. The fast rate of changes in flexion and extension rotation of various segments may result in associated soft tissues and bony structures experiencing tolerances beyond their material characteristic limits. It is suggested that a proper location and angle of the headrest could effectively prevent the cervical spine from injury in traumatic vehicular accidents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)

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19 pages, 6435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PCA of Running Biomechanics after 5 km between Novice and Experienced Runners

by Xinyan Jiang, Datao Xu, Yufei Fang, István Bíró, Julien S. Baker and Yaodong Gu

Bioengineering 2023, 10(7), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10070876 - 24 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1357

Abstract

Increased running experience appears to lower the risk of running-related injuries, but the mechanisms underlying this are unknown. Studying the biomechanics of runners with different running experiences before and after long-distance running can improve our understanding of the relationship between faulty running mechanics and injury. The purpose of the present study was to investigate if there were any differences in lower-limb biomechanics between runners after a 5 km run. Biomechanical data were collected from 15 novice and 15 experienced runners. Principal component analysis (PCA) with single-component reconstruction was used to identify variations in running biomechanics across the gait waveforms. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to explore the effects of runner and a 5 km run. Significant runner group differences were found for the kinematics and kinetics of lower-limb joints and ground reaction force (GRF) with respect to the magnitude across the stance phase. We found that novice runners exhibited greater changes in joint angles, joint moments, and GRFs than experienced runners regardless of the prolonged running session, and those patterns may relate to lower-limb injuries. The results of this study suggest that the PCA approach can provide unique insight into running biomechanics and injury mechanisms. The findings from the study could potentially guide training program developments and injury prevention protocols for runners with different running experiences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)

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15 pages, 1519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Graphene Heating Device on Fatigue Recovery of Biceps Brachii

by Wenming Liu, Xiaohui Jiang, Zhiran Yu, Kai Pang, Jian Wang and Yuxin Peng

Bioengineering 2023, 10(3), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10030381 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2358

Abstract

Far-infrared (FIR) is considered to be an ideal method to promote fatigue recovery due to its high permeability and strong radiation. In this paper, we report a flexible and wearable graphene heating device to help fatigue recovery of human exercise by using its high FIR divergence property. This study compares two different fatigue recovery methods, graphene far-infrared heating device hot application and natural recovery, over a 20 min recovery time among the male colleges’ exhaustion exercise. Experimental results show that the achieved graphene device holds excellent electro-thermal radiation conversion efficiency of 70% and normal total emissivity of 89%. Moreover, the graphene FIR therapy in our work is more energy-efficient, easy to use, and wearable than traditional fatigue recovery methods. Such an anti-fatigue strategy offers new opportunities for enlarging potential applications of graphene film in body science, athletic training recovery, and wearable devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)

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13 pages, 2654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Limiting the Use of Electromyography and Ground Reaction Force Data Changes the Magnitude and Ranking of Modelled Anterior Cruciate Ligament Forces

by Azadeh Nasseri, Riad Akhundov, Adam L. Bryant, David G. Lloyd and David J. Saxby

Bioengineering 2023, 10(3), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10030369 - 17 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1525

Abstract

Neuromusculoskeletal models often require three-dimensional (3D) body motions, ground reaction forces (GRF), and electromyography (EMG) as input data. Acquiring these data in real-world settings is challenging, with barriers such as the cost of instruments, setup time, and operator skills to correctly acquire and interpret data. This study investigated the consequences of limiting EMG and GRF data on modelled anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) forces during a drop–land–jump task in late-/post-pubertal females. We compared ACL forces generated by a reference model (i.e., EMG-informed neural mode combined with 3D GRF) to those generated by an EMG-informed with only vertical GRF, static optimisation with 3D GRF, and static optimisation with only vertical GRF. Results indicated ACL force magnitude during landing (when ACL injury typically occurs) was significantly overestimated if only vertical GRF were used for either EMG-informed or static optimisation neural modes. If 3D GRF were used in combination with static optimisation, ACL force was marginally overestimated compared to the reference model. None of the alternative models maintained rank order of ACL loading magnitudes generated by the reference model. Finally, we observed substantial variability across the study sample in response to limiting EMG and GRF data, indicating need for methods incorporating subject-specific measures of muscle activation patterns and external loading when modelling ACL loading during dynamic motor tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)

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10 pages, 2337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Habitual Foot Strike Patterns on the Morphology and Mechanical Function of the Medial Gastrocnemius–Achilles Tendon Unit

by Lu Li, Kaicheng Wu, Liqin Deng, Cuixian Liu and Weijie Fu

Bioengineering 2023, 10(2), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020264 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1565

Abstract

As a crucial and vulnerable component of the lower extremities, the medial gastrocnemius–Achilles tendon unit (gMTU) plays a significant role in sport performance and injury prevention during long-distance running. However, how habitual foot strike patterns influence the morphology of the gMTU remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of two main foot strike patterns on the morphological and mechanical characteristics of the gMTU. Long-distance male runners with habitual forefoot (FFS group, n = 10) and rearfoot strike patterns (RFS group, n = 10) and male non-runners (NR group, n = 10) were recruited. A Terason uSmart 3300 ultrasonography system was used to image the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and Achilles tendon, Image J software to analyze the morphology, and a dynamometer to determine plantar flexion torque during maximal voluntary isometric contractions. The participants first performed a 5-minute warm up; then, the morphological measurements of MG and AT were recorded in a static condition; finally, the MVICs test was conducted to investigate the mechanical function of the gMTU. One-way ANOVA and nonparametric tests were used for data analysis. The significance level was set at a p value of <0.05. The muscle fascicle length (FL) (FFS: 67.3 ± 12.7, RFS: 62.5 ± 7.6, NRs: 55.9 ± 2.0, η2 = 0.187), normalized FL (FFS: 0.36 ± 0.48, RFS: 0.18 ± 0.03, NRs: 0.16 ± 0.01, η2 = 0.237), and pennation angle (PA) (FFS: 16.2 ± 1.9, RFS: 18.9 ± 2.8, NRs: 19.3 ± 2.4, η2 = 0.280) significantly differed between the groups. Specifically, the FL and normalized FL were longer in the FFS group than in the NR group (p < 0.05), while the PA was smaller in the FFS group than in the NR group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Long-term running with a forefoot strike pattern could significantly affect the FL and PA of the MG. A forefoot strike pattern could lead to a longer FL and a smaller PA, indicating an FFS pattern could protect the MG from strain under repetitive high loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)

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17 pages, 5163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knee Joint Contact Forces during High-Risk Dynamic Tasks: 90° Change of Direction and Deceleration Movements

by Giorgio Cassiolas, Stefano Di Paolo, Gregorio Marchiori, Alberto Grassi, Francesco Della Villa, Laura Bragonzoni, Andrea Visani, Gianluca Giavaresi, Milena Fini, Stefano Zaffagnini and Nicola Francesco Lopomo

Bioengineering 2023, 10(2), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020179 - 31 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2354

Abstract

Pivoting sports expose athletes to a high risk of knee injuries, mainly due to mechanical overloading of the joint which shatters overall tissue integrity. The present study explored the magnitude of tibiofemoral contact forces (TFCF) in high-risk dynamic tasks. A novel musculoskeletal model with modifiable frontal plane knee alignment was developed to estimate the total, medial, and lateral TFCF developed during vigorous activities. Thirty-one competitive soccer players performing deceleration and 90° sidestepping tasks were assessed via 3D motion analysis by using a marker-based optoelectronic system and TFCF were assessed via OpenSim software. Statistical parametric mapping was used to investigate the effect of frontal plane alignment, compartment laterality, and varus–valgus genu on TFCF. Further, in consideration of specific risk factors, sex influence was also assessed. A strong correlation (R = 0.71 ÷ 0.98, p < 0.001) was found between modification of compartmental forces and changes in frontal plane alignment. Medial and lateral TFCF were similar throughout most of the tasks with the exception of the initial phase, where the lateral compartment had to withstand to higher loadings (1.5 ÷ 3 BW higher, p = 0.010). Significant sex differences emerged in the late phase of the deceleration task. A comprehensive view of factors influencing the mediolateral distribution of TFCF would benefit knee injury prevention and rehabilitation in sport activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)

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17 pages, 2189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Smart Belt for Anxiety Detection, Classification, and Reduction Using IIoMT on Students’ Cardiac Signal and MSY

by Rishi Pal, Deepak Adhikari, Md Belal Bin Heyat, Bishal Guragai, Vivian Lipari, Julien Brito Ballester, Isabel De la Torre Díez, Zia Abbas and Dakun Lai

Bioengineering 2022, 9(12), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9120793 - 12 Dec 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2293

Abstract

The prevalence of anxiety among university students is increasing, resulting in the negative impact on their academic and social (behavioral and emotional) development. In order for students to have competitive academic performance, the cognitive function should be strengthened by detecting and handling anxiety. Over a period of 6 weeks, this study examined how to detect anxiety and how Mano Shakti Yoga (MSY) helps reduce anxiety. Relying on cardiac signals, this study follows an integrated detection-estimation-reduction framework for anxiety using the Intelligent Internet of Medical Things (IIoMT) and MSY. IIoMT is the integration of Internet of Medical Things (wearable smart belt) and machine learning algorithms (Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and AdaBoost (AB)). Sixty-six eligible students were selected as experiencing anxiety detected based on the results of self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) questionnaire and a smart belt. Then, the students were divided randomly into two groups: experimental and control. The experimental group followed an MSY intervention for one hour twice a week, while the control group followed their own daily routine. Machine learning algorithms are used to analyze the data obtained from the smart belt. MSY is an alternative improvement for the immune system that helps reduce anxiety. All the results illustrate that the experimental group reduced anxiety with a significant (p < 0.05) difference in group × time interaction compared to the control group. The intelligent techniques achieved maximum accuracy of 80% on using RF algorithm. Thus, students can practice MSY and concentrate on their objectives by improving their intelligence, attention, and memory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)

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11 pages, 3173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Arch Stiffness on the Foot–Ankle Temporal Kinematics during Gait Termination: A Statistical Nonparametric Mapping Study

by Xuanzhen Cen, Peimin Yu, Yang Song, József Sárosi, Zhuqing Mao, István Bíró and Yaodong Gu

Bioengineering 2022, 9(11), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9110703 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1380

Abstract

This study compares foot–ankle temporal kinematics characteristics during planned and unplanned gait termination (PGT and UGT) in subjects with different arch stiffnesses (ASs) based on the statistical nonparametric mapping (SnPM) method. By measuring three-dimensional arch morphological parameters under different loading conditions, 28 healthy male subjects were classified and participated in gait termination (GT) tests to collect metatarsophalangeal (MTP) and ankle-joint kinematics data. The two-way repeated-measures ANOVA using SnPM was employed to assess the impacts of AS on foot–ankle kinematics during PGT and UGT. Our results show that joint angles (MTP and ankle joints) were altered owing to AS and GT factors. The flexible arches hahadve periods of significantly greater MTP and ankle joint angles than those of stiff arches during the stance phase of GT, whereas subjects exhibited significantly smaller ankle and MTP joint angles during UGT. These results add additional insights into the morphological arch biomechanical function, and the comprehensive compensatory adjustment of lower-limb joints during gait stopping caused by unplanned stimulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)

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17 pages, 2899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Running Velocity and Longitudinal Bending Stiffness Influence the Asymmetry of Kinematic Variables of the Lower Limb Joints

by Qian Liu, Hairong Chen, Yang Song, Nykytiuk Alla, Gusztáv Fekete, Jianpeng Li and Yaodong Gu

Bioengineering 2022, 9(11), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9110607 - 23 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1973

Abstract

Running-related limb asymmetries suggest specific sports injuries and recovery circumstances. It is debatable if running speed affected asymmetry, and more research is required to determine how longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) affected asymmetry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of running velocity and LBS on kinematic characteristics of the hip, knee, ankle, metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) and the corresponding asymmetry. Kinematic (200 Hz) running stance phase data were collected bilaterally for 16 healthy male recreational runners (age: 23.13 ± 1.17, height: 175.2 ± 1.6 cm, body mass: 75.7 ± 3.6 kg, BMI: 24.7 ± 1.3 kg/m²) running on a force plate at three different velocities (10, 12 and 14 km/h) and three increasing-LBS shoes in a randomized order. The symmetry angle (SA) was calculated to quantify gait asymmetry magnitude at each running velocity and LBS. Changes in running velocity and LBS led to differences in kinematic variables between the hip, knee, ankle and MTP (p < 0.05). Significant changes in SA caused by running velocity were found in the knee flexion angle (p = 0.001) and flexion angle peak velocity (p < 0.001), ankle plantarflexion angle (p = 0.001) and plantarflexion angle peak velocity (p = 0.043) and MTP dorsiflexion angle (p = 0.001) and dorsiflexion angle peak velocity (p = 0.019). A significant change in the SA caused by LBS was found in the MTP dorsiflexion peak angle velocity (p = 0.014). There were interaction effects between running velocity and LBS on the MTP plantarflexion angle (p = 0.033) and plantarflexion angle peak velocity (p = 0.038). These findings indicate the existence of bilateral lower limb asymmetry. Meanwhile, it was proved that running velocity and LBS can influence the asymmetry of lower limb joints. Additionally, there was an interaction between running velocity and LBS on the asymmetry of the lower limb. These findings can provide some information for sports injuries, such as metatarsal stress fractures and anterior cruciate ligament injuries. They can also provide some useful information for running velocities and running shoes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)

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Review

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25 pages, 1210 KiB

Open AccessReview

Yoga Meets Intelligent Internet of Things: Recent Challenges and Future Directions

by Rishi Pal, Deepak Adhikari, Md Belal Bin Heyat, Inam Ullah and Zili You

Bioengineering 2023, 10(4), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10040459 - 09 Apr 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2797

Abstract

The physical and mental health of people can be enhanced through yoga, an excellent form of exercise. As part of the breathing procedure, yoga involves stretching the body organs. The guidance and monitoring of yoga are crucial to ripe the full benefits of it, as wrong postures possess multiple antagonistic effects, including physical hazards and stroke. The detection and monitoring of the yoga postures are possible with the Intelligent Internet of Things (IIoT), which is the integration of intelligent approaches (machine learning) and the Internet of Things (IoT). Considering the increment in yoga practitioners in recent years, the integration of IIoT and yoga has led to the successful implementation of IIoT-based yoga training systems. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on integrating yoga with IIoT. The paper also discusses the multiple types of yoga and the procedure for the detection of yoga using IIoT. Additionally, this paper highlights various applications of yoga, safety measures, various challenges, and future directions. This survey provides the latest developments and findings on yoga and its integration with IIoT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)

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Other

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21 pages, 1921 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Is the Cooling Vest an Ergogenic Tool for Physically Active Individuals? Assessment of Perceptual Response, Thermo-Physiological Behavior, and Sports Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Diego Fernández-Lázaro, Juan F. García, Luis Antonio Corchete, Miguel Del Valle Soto, Gema Santamaría and Jesús Seco-Calvo

Bioengineering 2023, 10(2), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020132 - 18 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1473

Abstract

Exercise capacity is limited by environmental heat stress because thermoregulatory systems are altered and cannot prevent the elevation of body temperature due to a complex interplay of physiological, physical, and perceptual alterations. Cooling is an effective strategy to attenuate the temperature rise. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the PEDro scale for assessing methodological quality, we systematically reviewed studies indexed in Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE, Science Direct, Sportdiscus, and Scopus, to evaluate the effects of the cooling vest (CVs) on perceptual response, physiological behavior, and sports performance in adult physical activity practitioners under heat stress conditions. Among the 711 studies identified in the search, 10 studies for the systematic review and eight for the meta-analysis met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, the use of CVs showed improvements in certain sports performance indicators, being significant (p < 0.05) in test time and substantial in peak power that could be influenced directly by the significant reduction (p < 0.05) in skin temperature and indirectly by the significant improvement (p < 0.05) in thermal and exertional perceptual responses, without the involvement of core temperature. In conclusion, the use of CVs is a cooling technique that influences perceptual response, thermo-physiological behavior, and sports performance. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the relevance of its application to CVs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)

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29 pages, 1204 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Implications of Sports Biomechanics Studies on the Research and Development of Running Shoes: A Systematic Review

by Shuangshuang Lin, Yang Song, Xuanzhen Cen, Kovács Bálint, Gusztáv Fekete and Dong Sun

Bioengineering 2022, 9(10), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9100497 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4981

Abstract

Although various sports footwear demonstrated marked changes in running biomechanical variables, few studies have yielded definitive findings on the underlying mechanisms of shoe constructions affecting running-related performance and injuries. Therefore, this study focused on examining the effect of basic shoe constructions on running biomechanics and assessing the current state of sports shoe production in terms of injury and efficiency. Relevant literature was searched on five databases using Boolean logic operation and then screened by eligibility criteria. A total of 1260 related articles were retrieved in this review, and 41 articles that met the requirements were finally included, mainly covering the influence of midsole, longitudinal bending stiffness, heel-toe drop, shoe mass, heel flare, and heel stabilizer on running-related performance and injuries. The results of this review study were: (1) The functional positioning of running shoe design and the target groups tend to influence running performance and injury risk; (2) Thickness of 15–20 mm, hardness of Asker C50-C55 of the midsole, the design of the medial or lateral heel flares of 15°, the curved carbon plate, and the 3D printed heel cup may be beneficial to optimize performance and reduce running-related injuries; (3) The update of research and development concepts in sports biomechanics may further contribute to the development of running shoes; (4) Footwear design and optimization should also consider the influences of runners’ strike patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical and Bioengineering Technology: Current Applications in Sports Monitoring and Health Care)

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