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Batteries
Special Issues
Battery Safety: Challenges and Perspectives
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Battery Safety: Challenges and Perspectives

A special issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105). This special issue belongs to the section "Battery Performance, Ageing, Reliability and Safety".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 6468

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Wojciech Mrozik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
Interests: safety of lithium-ion batteries (risk and hazards of failed batteries—fire, the origin of the vapour cloud, explosion; prevention, mitigation and ways to deal with drastic outcomes of battery abuse/ failure; environmental impact of lithium-ion batteries—the release of hazardous materials from spent and abused batteries; a collaboration with Fire and Rescue Services on operation procedures to tackle battery fires)

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) have penetrated deeply into all levels of society at a rate that has exceeded our understanding of the attendant risks and hazards. They are found in a wide range of devices of diverse sizes, from mobile phones via micromobility devices (e.g., e-bikes) to electric vehicles (EV) and grid-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS). Even though relatively safe, like all technology, LiBs fail, and the ever-growing number of LiBs in everyday life is likely to result in more failures.

As there are more batteries than ever on the market—more powerful than prior iterations and with amended chemistry—it is mandatory to review and progress with the safety of LiBs as the technology landscape is changing fast.

This Special Issue aims to highlight new research concerning safety on various levels, from a single cell to grid-scale BESS. As such, you are invited to submit your original research, reviews and opinion pieces on the topics of chemistry changes, the evolution of battery management systems, pack design or ways to mitigate or combat thermal runaway. These can be experimental or modeling studies. Materials concerning legislations and standards and assessments of the impact of LiBs’ failure on the surrounding environment (car parks, households, ferries) are also welcomed.

Dr. Wojciech Mrozik
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Batteries is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • lithium-ion battery
  • safety
  • vapour cloud
  • fire
  • energy storage system
  • battery failure
  • off gassing
  • fire fighting

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

41 pages, 247601 KiB  
Article
Triggering and Characterisation of Realistic Internal Short Circuits in Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells—A New Approach Using Precise Needle Penetration
by Jens Grabow, Jacob Klink, Nury Orazov, Ralf Benger, Ines Hauer and Hans-Peter Beck
Batteries 2023, 9(10), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9100496 - 28 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1858
Abstract
The internal short circuit (ISC) in lithium-ion batteries is a serious problem since it is probably the most common cause of a thermal runaway (TR) that still presents many open questions, even though it has been intensively investigated. Therefore, this article focusses on [...] Read more.
The internal short circuit (ISC) in lithium-ion batteries is a serious problem since it is probably the most common cause of a thermal runaway (TR) that still presents many open questions, even though it has been intensively investigated. Therefore, this article focusses on the generation and characterisation of the local single-layer ISC, which is typically caused by cell-internal impurity particles that cannot be completely eliminated in the cell production. A new, very promising method of precise and slow (1 μm s−1) needle penetration made it possible to generate the most safety-critical reliable short-circuit type—the contact between the Al-Collector and the graphite active material of the anode—as demonstrated on a 10 Ah Graphite/NMC pouch cell. The special efforts in achieving high reproducibility as well as the detailed analysis of the initiated internal short-circuit conditions led to more reliable and meaningful results. A comprehensive approach to characterisation has been made by detailed measurement of the dynamic short-circuit evolution and a subsequent post-characterisation, which included the application of different electrochemical measurement techniques as well as a post-abuse analysis. It was shown that the cells demonstrated a very individual and difficult-to-predict behaviour, which is a major challenge for early failure detection and risk assessment of cells with an existing or former ISC. On the one hand, it is found that despite high local temperatures of over 1260 ∘C and significant damage to the cell-internal structure, the cell did not develop a TR even with further cycling. On the other hand, it was observed that the TR occurs spontaneously without any previous abnormalities. Based on the overall test results, it was shown that at the high state of charge (SOC = 100%), even small, dynamically developing voltage drops (<10 mV) must be classified as safety-critical for the cell. For reliable and early failure detection, the first voltage drops of the ISC must already be detected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Safety: Challenges and Perspectives)
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36 pages, 3956 KiB  
Article
Systematic Approach for the Test Data Generation and Validation of ISC/ESC Detection Methods
by Jacob Klink, Jens Grabow, Nury Orazov, Ralf Benger, Ines Hauer and Hans-Peter Beck
Batteries 2023, 9(7), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070339 - 22 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1281
Abstract
Various methods published in recent years for reliable detection of battery faults (mainly internal short circuit (ISC)) raise the question of comparability and cross-method evaluation, which cannot yet be answered due to significant differences in training data and boundary conditions. This paper provides [...] Read more.
Various methods published in recent years for reliable detection of battery faults (mainly internal short circuit (ISC)) raise the question of comparability and cross-method evaluation, which cannot yet be answered due to significant differences in training data and boundary conditions. This paper provides a Monte Carlo-like simulation approach to generate a reproducible, comprehensible and large dataset based on an extensive literature search on common assumptions and simulation parameters. In some cases, these assumptions are quite different from field data, as shown by comparison with experimentally determined values. Two relatively simple ISC detection methods are tested on the generated dataset and their performance is evaluated to illustrate the proposed approach. The evaluation of the detection performance by quantitative measures such as the Youden-index shows a high divergence with respect to internal and external parameters such as threshold level and cell-to-cell variations (CtCV), respectively. These results underline the importance of quantitative evaluations based on identical test data. The proposed approach is able to support this task by providing cost-effective test data generation with incorporation of known factors affecting detection quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Safety: Challenges and Perspectives)
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14 pages, 17096 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Thermal Runaway Behaviour of Fresh and Aged Large Prismatic Lithium-Ion Cells in Overtemperature Experiments
by Fabian Menz, Marius Bauer, Olaf Böse, Moritz Pausch and Michael A. Danzer
Batteries 2023, 9(3), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9030159 - 3 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2643
Abstract
When using lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) with nickel-rich cathodes, safety issues such as thermal runaway (TR) propagation must be considered. To design safe LiBs, effective countermeasures against TR propagation must be developed. For this purpose, knowledge about the TR behaviour, especially the TR onset [...] Read more.
When using lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) with nickel-rich cathodes, safety issues such as thermal runaway (TR) propagation must be considered. To design safe LiBs, effective countermeasures against TR propagation must be developed. For this purpose, knowledge about the TR behaviour, especially the TR onset temperature, of fresh and aged lithium-ion cells is required. Therefore, the aim of this work is to investigate the TR behaviour of several fresh and aged lithium-ion cells with different cathode chemistries in overtemperature tests using an oven test setup to determine changes in the TR behaviour due to cyclisation. For the investigation of the TR behaviour of large format lithium-ion cells, the oven test setup turns out to be an effective alternative to the accelerating rate calorimetry test. Analysing the results shows that the initial TR temperature after cyclisation for one cell chemistry is significantly decreased due to the failure of one cell component. In addition, from a series of tests and the measured TR onset temperatures it can be deduced that an underlying probability distribution should be taken into account when designing safe LiBs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Safety: Challenges and Perspectives)
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