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Atmosphere
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Tropical Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Change
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Tropical Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Change

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Climatology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 July 2022) | Viewed by 20090

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Gen Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
Interests: ocean–atmosphere interaction; climate change; monsoon
Dr. Ziqian Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510085, China
Interests: global and regional climate change; ocean–land–atmosphere interactions; monsoon variability
Dr. Lin Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information and Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
Interests: ENSO dynamics; ocean–atmosphere interaction and East Asia climate; seasonal prediction; climate change
Dr. Shang-Min Long

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
Interests: global warming; ocean–atmosphere interaction; model projection; Indian summer monsoon; ocean circulation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As global warming has developed over time since the Industrial Revolution, climate change, especially anthropogenic climate change, excites wide attention and concerns from the human community and has remained as one of the most active research topics in Earth science for decades. The ocean and atmosphere interact vigorously in the tropics through the exchange of heat and moisture. This interaction is essential in the changes in climate systems and climate modes such as monsoons, cyclones, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Climate change includes changes in the tropical ocean–atmosphere interaction and is also influenced by the processes or feedbacks in the tropics. This Special Issue aims to present recent advances in the tropical ocean–atmosphere interaction and climate change, two highly interactive topics. It is important to clarify the key processes, mechanisms, and influences of the tropical ocean–atmosphere interaction and illustrate their roles in climate change by observations and model studies. 

Topics of interest for the Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • The processes and mechanisms of tropical ocean–atmosphere interactions;
  • The prediction and projection of tropical climate modes (e.g., ENSO);
  • Changes in tropical climate modes and their roles in global and regional climate change;
  • The responses of monsoons and cyclones to global warming;
  • The regional climate changes under global warming.

Dr. Gen Li
Dr. Ziqian Wang
Dr. Lin Chen
Dr. Shang-Min Long
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • tropical ocean–atmosphere interaction
  • climate change
  • ENSO
  • monsoons
  • cyclones
  • climate modes

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 3409 KiB  
Article
The Trend and Interannual Variability of Marine Heatwaves over the Bay of Bengal
by Xin Gao, Gen Li, Jiawei Liu and Shang-Min Long
Atmosphere 2022, 13(3), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13030469 - 14 Mar 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3336
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are long-lasting extreme oceanic warming events that can cause devastating effects on warm-water corals and associated ecosystems. The linear trend and interannual variability of MHWs over the Bay of Bengal (BOB) during 1982–2020 are investigated by a high-resolution daily sea [...] Read more.
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are long-lasting extreme oceanic warming events that can cause devastating effects on warm-water corals and associated ecosystems. The linear trend and interannual variability of MHWs over the Bay of Bengal (BOB) during 1982–2020 are investigated by a high-resolution daily sea surface temperature (SST) dataset. In regions where warm-water coral reefs are concentrated, annual MHW days and frequency significantly increase during 1982–2020, at rates exceeding that of the global mean. The coldest boreal winter season witnesses significant and steady increase trends in MHW days and frequency. In contrast, the trend is insignificant in the climatological warmest season (March to June) south of 15° N in the BOB, mainly due to large interannual variability. El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dominates the interannual variability of BOB MHWs, which are highly consistent with the evolution of the mean SST. The negative phase of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) also modulates the occurrences of MHWs, especially over the northeastern BOB. The two climate modes synergistically explain about 50~70% of the interannual variances in the BOB’s MHWs. Correlation analysis reveals that south of 15° N in the BOB, the effect of El Niño on MHWs is evident from the boreal autumn of its developing phase to the boreal summer of its decaying phase, along with limited influence from NAO. However, in the northeast of the BOB, the effect of El Niño merely emerges from April to August of its decaying stage. In comparison, boreal winter-to-spring NAO exerts a strong control over March-to-June MHWs in the northeastern BOB. The results suggest that various climate modes may jointly or separately influence MHWs at certain seasons and locations, which is important for the seasonal prediction of MHWs. Indeed, when combining the Niño3.4 mature winter index and boreal winter-to-spring NAO index to build a regression model, it is more effective in reproducing the BOB’s MHW frequency compared to the Niño3.4 index alone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tropical Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Change)
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15 pages, 1966 KiB  
Article
The Increased Likelihood in the 21st Century for a Tropical Cyclone to Rapidly Intensify When Crossing a Warm Ocean Feature—A Simple Model’s Prediction
by Leo Oey
Atmosphere 2021, 12(10), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101285 - 2 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2169
Abstract
A warm ocean feature (WOF) is a blob of the ocean’s surface where the sea-surface temperature (SST) is anomalously warmer than its adjacent ambient SST. Examples are warm coastal seas in summer, western boundary currents, and warm eddies. Several studies have suggested that [...] Read more.
A warm ocean feature (WOF) is a blob of the ocean’s surface where the sea-surface temperature (SST) is anomalously warmer than its adjacent ambient SST. Examples are warm coastal seas in summer, western boundary currents, and warm eddies. Several studies have suggested that a WOF may cause a crossing tropical cyclone (TC) to undergo rapid intensification (RI). However, testing the “WOF-induced RI” hypothesis is difficult due to many other contributing factors that can cause RI. The author develops a simple analytical model with ocean feedback to estimate TC rapid intensity change across a WOF. It shows that WOF-induced RI is unlikely in the present climate when the ambient SST is ≲29.5 °C and the WOF anomaly is ≲+1 °C. This conclusion agrees well with the result of a recent numerical ensemble experiment. However, the simple model also indicates that RI is very sensitive to the WOF anomaly, much more so than the ambient SST. Thus, as coastal seas and western boundary currents are warming more rapidly than the adjacent open oceans, the model suggests a potentially increased likelihood in the 21st century of WOF-induced RIs across coastal seas and western boundary currents. Particularly vulnerable are China’s and Japan’s coasts, where WOF-induced RI events may become more common. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tropical Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Change)
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15 pages, 4136 KiB  
Article
Environmental Factors Controlling the Precipitation in California
by Feng Hu, Leying Zhang, Qiao Liu and Dorina Chyi
Atmosphere 2021, 12(8), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12080997 - 2 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2733
Abstract
Using observational data covering 1948–2020, the environmental factors controlling the winter precipitation in California were investigated. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was applied to identify the dominant climate regimes contributing to the precipitation. The first EOF mode described a consistent change, with 70.1% [...] Read more.
Using observational data covering 1948–2020, the environmental factors controlling the winter precipitation in California were investigated. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was applied to identify the dominant climate regimes contributing to the precipitation. The first EOF mode described a consistent change, with 70.1% variance contribution, and the second mode exhibited a south–east dipole change, with 11.7% contribution. For EOF1, the relationship was positive between PC1(principal component) and SST (sea surface temperature) in the central Pacific Ocean, while it was negative with SST in the southeast Indian Ocean. The Pacific–North America mode, induced by the positive SST and precipitation in the central Pacific Ocean, leads to California being occupied by southwesterlies, which would transport warm and wet flow from the ocean, beneficial for precipitation. As for the negative relationship, California is controlled by biotrophically high pressure, representing part of the Rossby wave train induced by the positive SST in the Indian ocean, which is unfavorable for the precipitation. For EOF2, California is controlled by positive vorticity at the upper level, whereas at the lower level, there is positive vorticity to the south and negative vorticity to the north, the combination of which leads to the dipole mode change in the precipitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tropical Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Change)
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15 pages, 2566 KiB  
Article
NDVI Variation and Yield Prediction in Growing Season: A Case Study with Tea in Tanuyen Vietnam
by Phamchimai Phan, Nengcheng Chen, Lei Xu, Duy Minh Dao and Dinhkha Dang
Atmosphere 2021, 12(8), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12080962 - 27 Jul 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3393
Abstract
Tea is one of the most significant cash crops and plays an important role in economic development and poverty reduction. On the other hand, tea is an optimal choice in the extreme weather conditions of Tanuyen Laichau, Vietnam. In our study, the NDVI [...] Read more.
Tea is one of the most significant cash crops and plays an important role in economic development and poverty reduction. On the other hand, tea is an optimal choice in the extreme weather conditions of Tanuyen Laichau, Vietnam. In our study, the NDVI variation of tea in the growing season from 2009 to 2018 was showed by calculating NDVI trend and the Mann-Kendall analysis to assess trends in the time series. Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) model were used for predicting tea yield. The NDVI of tea showed an increasing trend with a slope from −0.001–0.001 (88.9% of the total area), a slope from 0.001–0.002 (11.1% of the total area) and a growing rate of 0.00075/year. The response of tea NDVI to almost climatic factor in a one-month time lag is higher than the current month. The tea yield was estimated with higher accuracy in the RF model. Among the input variables, we detected that the role of Tmean and NDVI is stronger than other variables when squared with each of the independent variables into input data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tropical Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Change)
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17 pages, 5471 KiB  
Article
Regional and Local Impacts of the ENSO and IOD Events of 2015 and 2016 on the Indian Summer Monsoon—A Bhutan Case Study
by Katherine Power, Josefine Axelsson, Norbu Wangdi and Qiong Zhang
Atmosphere 2021, 12(8), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12080954 - 24 Jul 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3619
Abstract
The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) plays a vital role in the livelihoods and economy of those living on the Indian subcontinent, including the small, mountainous country of Bhutan. The ISM fluctuates over varying temporal scales and its variability is related to many internal [...] Read more.
The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) plays a vital role in the livelihoods and economy of those living on the Indian subcontinent, including the small, mountainous country of Bhutan. The ISM fluctuates over varying temporal scales and its variability is related to many internal and external factors including the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). In 2015, a Super El Niño occurred in the tropical Pacific alongside a positive IOD in the Indian Ocean and was followed in 2016 by a simultaneous La Niña and negative IOD. These events had worldwide repercussions. However, it is unclear how the ISM was affected during this time, both at a regional scale over the whole ISM area and at a local scale over Bhutan. First, an evaluation of data products comparing ERA5 reanalysis, TRMM and GPM satellite, and GPCC precipitation products against weather station measurements from Bhutan, indicated that ERA5 reanalysis was suitable to investigate ISM change in these two years. The reanalysis datasets showed that there was disruption to the ISM during this period, with a late onset of the monsoon in 2015, a shifted monsoon flow in July 2015 and in August 2016, and a late withdrawal in 2016. However, this resulted in neither a monsoon surplus nor a deficit across both years but instead large spatial-temporal variability. It is possible to attribute some of the regional scale changes to the ENSO and IOD events, but the expected impact of a simultaneous ENSO and IOD events are not recognizable. It is likely that 2015/16 monsoon disruption was driven by a combination of factors alongside ENSO and the IOD, including varying boundary conditions, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation, and more. At a local scale, the intricate topography and orographic processes ongoing within Bhutan further amplified or dampened the already altered ISM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tropical Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Change)
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22 pages, 9549 KiB  
Article
Effects of Excessive Equatorial Cold Tongue Bias on the Projections of Tropical Pacific Climate Change. Part II: The Extreme El Niño Frequency in CMIP5 Multi-Model Ensemble
by Gen Li, Zhiyuan Zhang and Bo Lu
Atmosphere 2021, 12(7), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070851 - 30 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3061
Abstract
Under increased greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing, climate models tend to project a warmer sea surface temperature in the eastern equatorial Pacific than in the western equatorial Pacific. This El Niño-like warming pattern may induce an increase in the projected occurrence frequency of extreme [...] Read more.
Under increased greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing, climate models tend to project a warmer sea surface temperature in the eastern equatorial Pacific than in the western equatorial Pacific. This El Niño-like warming pattern may induce an increase in the projected occurrence frequency of extreme El Niño events. The current models, however, commonly suffer from an excessive westward extension of the equatorial Pacific cold tongue accompanied by insufficient equatorial western Pacific precipitation. By comparing the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 experiments with the historical simulations based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5), a “present–future” relationship among climate models was identified: models with insufficient equatorial western Pacific precipitation error would have a weaker mean El Niño-like warming pattern as well as a lower increase in the frequency of extreme El Niño events under increased GHG forcing. Using this “present–future” relationship and the observed precipitation in the equatorial western Pacific, this study calibrated the climate projections in the tropical Pacific. The corrected projections showed a stronger El Niño-like pattern of mean changes in the future, consistent with our previous study. In particular, the projected increased occurrence of extreme El Niño events under RCP 8.5 forcing are underestimated by 30–35% in the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble before the corrections. This implies an increased risk of the El Niño-related weather and climate disasters in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tropical Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Change)
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