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Atmosphere
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Air Pollution in Europe: Source Apportionment, Trends and Emission-Reduction Measures
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Air Pollution in Europe: Source Apportionment, Trends and Emission-Reduction Measures

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Air Quality".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2020) | Viewed by 14622

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Marta García Vivanco

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
División de Contaminación Atmosférica, Centro Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: air pollution; air quality modeling; atmospheric chemistry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are glad to invite you to contribute to a Special Issue of Atmosphere dedicated to research on air pollution in Europe. This issue aims to provide information on source apportionment and trends of air pollution and on the response of air pollutants to emission reduction measures. European countries need to develop National Air Pollution Control Programmes that meet the emission reduction commitments for 2030 and comply with air quality objectives. Information on the sources of air pollution, including long-range and regional transport, is essential for identifying effective measures to reduce air pollution. Understanding the response of secondary pollutants to primary emission reduction is also necessary to correctly anticipate impacts on air quality.  

 We invite submissions of novel and original papers as well as reviews that advance the knowledge on air pollution in Europe. In particular, contributions are welcome on the following topics:

  • Source apportionment of air pollution;
  • Long-term trends in ambient air pollutants and atmospheric deposition;
  • Long range and regional transport of air pollutants;
  • Responses of atmospheric pollutants under different emission-reduction scenarios;
  • Impacts on air quality and health of National Air Pollution Control Programmes.

Dr. Marta García Vivanco
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Air pollution
  • source apportionment
  • air pollution trends
  • emission-reduction strategies

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 3412 KiB  
Article
Emissions and Concentrations of Particulate Matter in Poznan Compared with Other Polish and European Cities
by Remigiusz Jasiński, Marta Galant-Gołębiewska, Mateusz Nowak, Karolina Kurtyka, Paula Kurzawska, Marta Maciejewska and Monika Ginter
Atmosphere 2021, 12(5), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050533 - 22 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1854
Abstract
It is estimated that the excessive emission of airborne particulate matter shortens the life expectancy of a European city inhabitant by up to eight months. The conducted comparison shows the emission and concentration of PM10 in Poznan against the supra-regional background. The purpose [...] Read more.
It is estimated that the excessive emission of airborne particulate matter shortens the life expectancy of a European city inhabitant by up to eight months. The conducted comparison shows the emission and concentration of PM10 in Poznan against the supra-regional background. The purpose of the comparison with similar area and population cities is to identify the position of the Poznan agglomeration in terms of particulate matter emissions. The main sources are: original research, PM official measuring stations’ data, and the relevant organizations’ reports. On the basis of the conducted comparison, it can be concluded that Wroclaw and Poznan achieve very similar results in terms of emissions. Cracow, on the other hand, as a city where for several years there have been significant problems with the phenomenon of smog and excessive emission of particulate matter, reaches extremely different values compared to Poznan. The article presents also the air quality in Poznan and other Polish and European cities. There were also measurements of PM mass and number conducted in Poznan. The results show that there is a significant difference between the air quality measured at official measuring stations (only some of them are measuring PMs at all) and that measured with portable equipment in different parts of the city. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Europe: Source Apportionment, Trends and Emission-Reduction Measures)
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20 pages, 3905 KiB  
Article
The Italian National Air Pollution Control Programme: Air Quality, Health Impact and Cost Assessment
by Antonio Piersanti, Ilaria D’Elia, Maurizio Gualtieri, Gino Briganti, Andrea Cappelletti, Gabriele Zanini and Luisella Ciancarella
Atmosphere 2021, 12(2), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020196 - 1 Feb 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3995
Abstract
Air pollution is the primary environmental cause of death globally. To improve air quality and reduce health impacts, the National Emission Ceilings Directive requires Member States of the European Union to provide National Air Pollution Control Programmes, including emission reduction measures aimed to [...] Read more.
Air pollution is the primary environmental cause of death globally. To improve air quality and reduce health impacts, the National Emission Ceilings Directive requires Member States of the European Union to provide National Air Pollution Control Programmes, including emission reduction measures aimed to achieve binding commitments for the years 2020 and 2030. Integrated assessment models are pivotal to assess the reduction of pollutants concentrations determined by measures implemented or foreseen for emission reduction. Here we discuss scenarios elaborated for year 2030 in the Italian National Air Pollution Control Programme, considering 2010 as reference year. The two scenarios, “With Measures” and “With Additional Measures”, show a significant reduction of the pollutants concentration, namely PM2.5, NO2 and O3. The scenarios are here also used to provide an integrated approach for calculating the effect of the program on health impacts (mortality) and related costs. Avoidable attributable cases and associated costs are here reported at both the national and regional level and provide a significant framework to assess air-pollution reduction measures with an integrated approach. The procedure proposed may be therefore further developed and applied to assess the overall positive benefits (environmental, health and economic) determined by air-pollution control plans or other integrated policies targeting air quality, energy and climate goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Europe: Source Apportionment, Trends and Emission-Reduction Measures)
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24 pages, 10357 KiB  
Article
Urban Ground-Level O3 Trends: Lessons from Portuguese Cities, 2010–2018
by Angelo Roldão Soares, Ricardo Deus, Carla Barroso and Carla Silva
Atmosphere 2021, 12(2), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020183 - 29 Jan 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2149
Abstract
Big datasets of air-quality pollutants and weather data allow us to review trends of NO2, NO, O3, and global radiation (GR), for Lisbon, Porto and Coimbra, with regard to the historical period of 2010–2018. GR is expected to have [...] Read more.
Big datasets of air-quality pollutants and weather data allow us to review trends of NO2, NO, O3, and global radiation (GR), for Lisbon, Porto and Coimbra, with regard to the historical period of 2010–2018. GR is expected to have a considerable impact on photochemical reactions of the O3 formation mechanism. We aim to characterize daily, monthly, and yearly trends. We explore Weekday (WD) versus weekend (WE), and seasonality of O3 and NO2. We are interested to know these pollutant peak concentration variations over the years and investigate if parallels can be drawn between urban mobility indicators and these pollutants. For this purpose, economic data, European emission standards, and car stock data (fuel, age, and number of vehicles) are cross-analyzed. How are they correlated? Has it impacted NO2 and O3 variations? How do different air-quality monitoring stations (AQMS), traffic and non-traffic, compare? How is Lisbon NOx-O3 correlated? What are its implications for future scenarios? Results show that urban mobility trends and economic events are correlated with NO2 and O3 variability. Weekend effect has a partial relationship with urban mobility trends and economy as it is relatively well correlated for Lisbon but not for Porto and Coimbra. Nonetheless, weekend effect for the period of 2010–2018 is overall trending upwards for all cities. In Lisbon and Coimbra, O3 concentrations also trend upwards during the same 2010–2018 period but for Porto they do not. Regardless, for the period of 2015–2018, after the economic recession, the upwards trends of both weekend effect and overall O3 concentrations are clear for all AQMS. For AQMS peak values comparison, Lisbon traffic AQMS registered an annual averaged 8-hour daily max O3 concentration of 34.4 ppb while Lisbon non-traffic AQMS presented 39.1 ppb. Altogether, annual 8-hour daily maximum values for 2010–2018 traffic AQMS in Lisbon show an inverse relationship with fuel sales, and have concentrations fluctuating between 28–35 ppb, which is slightly higher than the 2001–2010 historical European range of 27–31 ppb. Lastly, for the 8 years data in Lisbon, it has been shown that a negative NOx-O3 correlation exists, and the study location might be VOC–sensitive. This means that as NOx concentrations decrease, O3 concentrations become exponentially higher. Further research into VOCs with better data availability is required to make more concise claims. Regardless, it can be inferred that in a future scenario where mitigation continues to escalate, through O3 emission standards and an aggressive shift of car stock to electric vehicles, achieving unprecedented rises in O3 concentrations could be observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Europe: Source Apportionment, Trends and Emission-Reduction Measures)
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21 pages, 9651 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Effects of the Spanish National Air Pollution Control Programme on Air Quality
by Marta G. Vivanco, Juan Luis Garrido, Fernando Martín, Mark R. Theobald, Victoria Gil, José-Luis Santiago, Yolanda Lechón, Ana R. Gamarra, Eugenio Sánchez, Angelines Alberto and Almudena Bailador
Atmosphere 2021, 12(2), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020158 - 26 Jan 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2475
Abstract
During the last few decades, European legislation has driven progress in reducing air pollution in Europe through emission mitigation measures. In this paper, we use a chemistry transport model to assess the impact on ambient air quality of the measures considered for 2030 [...] Read more.
During the last few decades, European legislation has driven progress in reducing air pollution in Europe through emission mitigation measures. In this paper, we use a chemistry transport model to assess the impact on ambient air quality of the measures considered for 2030 in the for the scenarios with existing (WEM2030) and additional measures (WAM2030). The study estimates a general improvement of air quality for the WAM2030 scenario, with no non-compliant air quality zones for NO2, SO2, and PM indicators. Despite an improvement for O3, the model still estimates non-compliant areas. For this pollutant, the WAM2030 scenario leads to different impacts depending on the indicator considered. Although the model estimates a reduction in maximum hourly O3 concentrations, small increases in O3 concentrations in winter and nighttime in the summer lead to increases in the annual mean in some areas and increases in other indicators (SOMO35 for health impacts and AOT40 for impacts on vegetation) in some urban areas. The results suggest that the lower NOx emissions in the WEM and WAM scenarios lead to less removal of O3 by NO titration, especially background ozone in winter and both background and locally produced ozone in summer, in areas with high NOx emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Europe: Source Apportionment, Trends and Emission-Reduction Measures)
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20 pages, 3364 KiB  
Article
Benefit Analysis of the 1st Spanish Air Pollution Control Programme on Health Impacts and Associated Externalities
by Ana R. Gamarra, Yolanda Lechón, Marta G. Vivanco, Juan Luis Garrido, Fernando Martín, Eugenio Sánchez, Mark Richard Theobald, Victoria Gil and José Luis Santiago
Atmosphere 2021, 12(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010032 - 29 Dec 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3413
Abstract
This paper aims to provide scientific support for decision-making in the field of improving air quality by evaluating pollution reduction measures included in the current Spanish policy framework of the 1st National Air Pollution Control Programme (NAPCP). First, the health impacts of air [...] Read more.
This paper aims to provide scientific support for decision-making in the field of improving air quality by evaluating pollution reduction measures included in the current Spanish policy framework of the 1st National Air Pollution Control Programme (NAPCP). First, the health impacts of air quality are estimated by using the concentrations estimated by multiscale air quality modeling and the recommended concentration–response functions (CRF), specifically as a result of exposure to particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3). Second, the associated external costs are calculated by monetization techniques. Two scenarios are analyzed: a package including existing measures (WM2030) and a package with additional measures (WAM2030). Compared with the baseline scenario, an improvement was found in the health effects of NO2, PM10, and PM2.5, while for O3 there was a slight worsening, mainly due to the increase in the O3 metric used (SOMO35), which increases over some urban areas. Despite this, the monetary valuation of the total effects on health as a whole shows external benefits due to the adoption of measures (WM2030), compared with the reference scenario (no measures) of more than € 17.5 billion and, when considering the additional measures (WAM2030), benefits of about € 58.1 billion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Europe: Source Apportionment, Trends and Emission-Reduction Measures)
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