Dear Colleagues,

When solar wind encounters the Earth’s magnetosphere, part of its energy is transferred into the coupled magnetosphere–ionosphere and thermosphere system and drives changes in the thermosphere and ionosphere. When the transferred energy is large enough, it is called a geomagnetic storm. In this Special Issue, we focus on the geomagnetic storm’s impact in the mid-latitudes. During the storm, many phenomena occur in the mid-latitudes which rarely take place when no storm is present. For example, equatorial ionization anomaly crests and plasma bubbles (PB) are always in the low latitudes. However, the crests can sometimes expand poleward into mid-latitudes during storms, as can PBs. Storm-enhanced density, tongue of ionization, and traveling ionosphere disturbance can also occur in the mid-latitude during storms. Regarding thermosphere, the composition disturbances formed in the polar region during storms propagate toward the mid-latitudes, as well as the traveling atmospheric disturbance. The enhancement in neutral temperature and mass density may also propagate into the mid-latitudes. In the last 10 years, there have been many new satellite missions, new local ground-based observation equipment deployed, as well as newly developed general circulation models and other empirical models, which greatly promote our understanding of these storm mid-latitude phenomena.

This Special Issue welcomes reports and the investigation of the underlying mechanisms of these storm mid-latitude phenomena, as well as original new findings. Papers using newly launched missions such as GOLD, COSMIC-2, and ICON are especially welcomed.

Dr. Xuguang Cai
Dr. Tingting Yu
Dr. Ercha Aa
Guest Editors

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• thermosphere composition
• thermosphere mass density
• temperature
• storm-enhanced density
• mid-latitude enhancement
• penetration electric field
• geomagnetic storm