Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2020) | Viewed by 30725

Special Issue Editor

Advanced Joining & Additive Manufacturing R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
Interests: alloy design; thermodynamic modeling; welding metallurgy; cladding; high-entropy alloy; resistance spot welding
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Various metallic materials are applied to industrial fields and real life. The mechanical properties or behaviors of the material are often governed by their microstructural characteristics. It is also possible to improve the mechanical properties of the material through microstructural evolution using various methods, such as heat treatment, surface treatment, and plastic deformation. Therefore, analyzing the microstructural properties of metallic materials helps us to understand the mechanism of the mechanical behavior of the material and to optimize the manufacturing process of the material. This Special Issue covers all aspects of the microstructure, mechanical properties of metallic materials, ranging from conventional ferrous and nonferrous alloys, subjected to different processing methods. Studies focusing on the theoretical simulation and experimental analysis of the microstructural and mechanical behaviors of metallic materials are also welcome.

Dr. Young-Min Kim
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Metallic materials
  • Microstructure
  • Mechanical properties
  • Deformation
  • Annealing
  • Strengthening mechanisms
  • Material characterization
  • Manufacturing process

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 5172 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties of Bridge Steel from the Late 19th Century
by Paweł Grzegorz Kossakowski
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020478 - 06 Jan 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1680
Abstract
This article presents the results of testing of the strength of structural steel taken from a railway bridge. It was built within the borders of today’s Poland during the late 19th century and was in use for over 100 years, until the early [...] Read more.
This article presents the results of testing of the strength of structural steel taken from a railway bridge. It was built within the borders of today’s Poland during the late 19th century and was in use for over 100 years, until the early 21st century. The main mechanical parameters of the bridge steel, such as its static and impact strength were determined. The results of the analysis of fracture surfaces with the aim of the identification of the material’s macrostructure are also presented. This article discusses the findings and analyses the values of material parameters in the context of requirements resulting from existing standards, and compares the results with those obtained during the testing of bridge steels of a similar age and operational period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials)
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9 pages, 3717 KiB  
Article
Wear Properties of Sc-Bearing Zr-Based Composite BMG with Nano-CuZr2 under Lubrication
by Shing-Hoa Wang, Chau-Chang Chou, Hsien-Hung Chung, Rong-Tan Huang, Horng-Yi Chang, Cheng-An Hsu and Peter K. Liaw
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(14), 4909; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10144909 - 17 Jul 2020
Viewed by 1458
Abstract
Lubricated sliding wear of amorphous (Zr55Cu30Ni10Al5)99.98Sc0.02/CuZr2 nanocrystal composite bulk metallic glasses (BMG) under various sliding velocities with a load of 20 N was investigated using the pin-on-disk test. After the [...] Read more.
Lubricated sliding wear of amorphous (Zr55Cu30Ni10Al5)99.98Sc0.02/CuZr2 nanocrystal composite bulk metallic glasses (BMG) under various sliding velocities with a load of 20 N was investigated using the pin-on-disk test. After the wear test involving oil lubrication was performed, there was no wear induced new-phase transformation in the sample surface. Friction coefficients were within the range from 0.22 to approximately 0.29 under a 20-N load at different sliding velocities. Therefore, the calculated friction coefficients clearly indicated that the adhesion wear dominated from the experimental results. This deformation behavior resulted in a higher wear rate and wear coefficient. In addition, worn surfaces were characterized and examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope. The mechanism of high wear rate was clarified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials)
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9 pages, 3699 KiB  
Article
Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) Using STS 316L
by Jaewoong Park, Jin-young Kim, Inseo Ji and Seung Hwan Lee
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(14), 4874; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10144874 - 16 Jul 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3078
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the effect of heat accumulation on microstructure formation on STS 316L during multilayer deposition by a laser metal deposition (LMD) process and to predict the microstructure morphology. A comprehensive experimental and numerical study was conducted to quantify the [...] Read more.
This study aimed to understand the effect of heat accumulation on microstructure formation on STS 316L during multilayer deposition by a laser metal deposition (LMD) process and to predict the microstructure morphology. A comprehensive experimental and numerical study was conducted to quantify the solidification parameters (temperature gradient (G) and growth rate (R)) in the LMD multilayer deposition process. During deposition, the temperature profile at a fixed point in the deposit was measured to validate the numerical model, and then the solidification parameters were quantified using the model. Simultaneously, the microstructure of the deposit was investigated to confirm the microstructure morphology. Then, a relationship between the microstructure morphology and the G/R was proposed using a solidification map. The findings of this study can guide the design of scanning paths to produce deposits with a uniform structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials)
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12 pages, 1511 KiB  
Article
Relation Between the Defect Interactions and the Serration Dynamics in a Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass
by Jamieson Brechtl, Zhong Wang, Xie Xie, Jun-Wei Qiao and Peter K. Liaw
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 3892; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113892 - 04 Jun 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2417
Abstract
For this study, the effects of thermal annealing and compressive strain rate on the complexity of the serration behavior in a Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) was investigated. Here, as-cast and thermally-annealed (300 °C, 1 week) Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al [...] Read more.
For this study, the effects of thermal annealing and compressive strain rate on the complexity of the serration behavior in a Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) was investigated. Here, as-cast and thermally-annealed (300 °C, 1 week) Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 BMG underwent room-temperature compression tests in the unconstrained condition at strain rates of 2 × 10−5 s−1 and 2 × 10−4 s−1. The complexity of the serrated flow was determined, using the refined composite multiscale entropy technique. Nanoindentation testing and X-ray diffraction characterization were performed to assess the changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the BMG that occurred during annealing. The results indicated that the BMG did not crystallize during annealing in the prescribed heating condition. Nanoindentation tests revealed that annealing led to a significant increase in the depth-dependent nanoindentation hardness and Young’s modulus, which were attributed to the structural relaxation in the glass. Furthermore, both annealing and an increased strain rate resulted in a marked enhancement in the complexity of the serrated flow during compression. It was concluded that the increase in the sample entropy with increasing strain rate is related to an increase in the number of defect interactions during the serrated flow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials)
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23 pages, 6149 KiB  
Article
Influence of Microstructural Changes’ Effects on the Linear and Nonlinear Ultrasonic Parameters of Cast Stainless Steels
by Yu-Ju Lin, Che-Hua Yang and Jiunn-Yuan Huang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(10), 3476; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103476 - 18 May 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2215
Abstract
In this research, some nondestructive ultrasonic techniques were employed to inquire into the effect of microstructural changes induced by thermal aging and cold work on the ultrasonic response. As thermal embrittlement is a risk to the safety of nuclear power plants, a nondestructive [...] Read more.
In this research, some nondestructive ultrasonic techniques were employed to inquire into the effect of microstructural changes induced by thermal aging and cold work on the ultrasonic response. As thermal embrittlement is a risk to the safety of nuclear power plants, a nondestructive detection method has to be developed for on-site monitoring. The austenitic stainless steel with δ-ferrite specimens were used to study the behavior of microstructural changes caused by age-treating and cold work and then examined by the velocity, attenuation, and nonlinear ultrasonic technique. The variations of the linear and the nonlinear ultrasonic parameters were related to the microstructural changes. Additionally, the experimental results suggest that the ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter of cast stainless steel is determined by the microstructure evolution caused by spinodal decomposition and the phase precipitation process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials)
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14 pages, 5737 KiB  
Article
Determination of Solidification of Rigidity Point Temperature Using a New Method
by Ester Villanueva, Iban Vicario, Jon Mikel Sánchez and Ignacio Crespo
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2472; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072472 - 03 Apr 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2058
Abstract
This work aims to calculate the rigidity point temperature of aluminum alloys by three new methods and compare them with currently employed methods. The influence of major and minor alloying elements over the rigidity point temperature is also discussed. Until now it has [...] Read more.
This work aims to calculate the rigidity point temperature of aluminum alloys by three new methods and compare them with currently employed methods. The influence of major and minor alloying elements over the rigidity point temperature is also discussed. Until now it has been difficult to determine the exact temperature of the rigidity point, since small variations in the data obtained give variable results, making it difficult to automate the process with high accuracy. In this work we suggested three new mathematic methods based on the calculation of higher order derivatives of (dT/dt) with respect to time or temperature compared to those currently employed. A design of experiments based on the Taguchi method was employed to compare the effect of the major and minor alloying elements for the AlSi10Mg alloy, and to evaluate the accuracy of each developed method. Therefore, these systems will allow better automation of rigidity point temperature (RPT) determination, which is one of the most important solidification parameters for solidification simulators. The importance of the correct determination of this parameter lies in its relation to quality problems related to solidification, such as hot tearing. If the RPT presents very low-temperature values, the aluminum casting will be more sensitive to hot tearing, promoting the presence of cracks during the solidification process. This is why it is so important to correctly determine the temperature of the RPT. An adequate design of chemical composition by applying the methodology and the novel methods proposed in this work, and also the optimization of process parameters of the whole casting process with the help of the integrated computational modeling, will certainly help to decrease any internal defective by predicting one of the most important defects present in the aluminum industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials)
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13 pages, 6590 KiB  
Article
Role of Multi-Scale Microstructure in the Degradation of Al Wire for Power Transmission
by Rui Li, Hanzhong Liu, Heng Ma, Jiapeng Hou, Liqun Qian, Qiang Wang, Xiaowu Li and Zhefeng Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2234; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072234 - 25 Mar 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1731
Abstract
As common conductive materials, Al wires are used on overhead transmission lines under long-term heating conditions. In this study, the strength degradation behavior and the strength-electrical conductivity relation of the commercially pure Al wires (CPAWs) and the Al-Fe wires (AFWs) annealed at various [...] Read more.
As common conductive materials, Al wires are used on overhead transmission lines under long-term heating conditions. In this study, the strength degradation behavior and the strength-electrical conductivity relation of the commercially pure Al wires (CPAWs) and the Al-Fe wires (AFWs) annealed at various temperatures were investigated based on the microstructure evolution. The strength degradation rate of the AFW is always higher than that of the CPAW. A linear trade-off relation between strength and electrical conductivity for the annealed Al wires are clarified. The results reveal that the mechanisms behind the trade-off relation between the strength and the electrical conductivity for the annealed CPAWs and the annealed AFWs are the recovery of dislocations and the obvious increase of grain width, which leads to the decrease of strength and the increase of electrical conductivity. The coalescence of precipitate in the AFW leads to the obvious decrease of strength, which results in the higher strength degradation rate for the AFW as compared with that for the CPAW. Consequently, the principle of microstructure design for anti-degradation of Al wire is presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials)
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13 pages, 6506 KiB  
Article
Effect of Rejuvenation Heat Treatment on the Creep Property and Microstructural Evolution of a Ni-Base Superalloy
by Linning Wang, Yuan Liu and Jingjing Liang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(3), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031187 - 10 Feb 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2743
Abstract
Interrupted creep tests were performed on a polycrystalline Ni-base superalloy, and rejuvenation heat treatment (RHT) was carried out to restore the creep resistance. During creep deformation, the microstructural evolution can be characterized as coarsening and rafting of γ′ precipitates, formation of dislocation networks [...] Read more.
Interrupted creep tests were performed on a polycrystalline Ni-base superalloy, and rejuvenation heat treatment (RHT) was carried out to restore the creep resistance. During creep deformation, the microstructural evolution can be characterized as coarsening and rafting of γ′ precipitates, formation of dislocation networks in matrix channels, γ′ shearing by dislocations and carbides transformation from MC to M6C type. In the sample with low precrept strain, the dislocation networks can be effectively removed after RHT and the size and morphology of γ′ particles were similar to that just after heat treatment. However, the microstructure in the sample with higher creep strain after RHT cannot be fully restored to the original state in terms of dislocations and distribution of γ′ particles. The subsequent creep results exhibit that creep property is also relevant to the precrept strain, which exhibits a good agreement with microstructure observations. In addition, RHT cannot reverse the carbide transformation from MC to M6C type but enhances this process, which can be evident by the change of the area fraction of these two types of carbides. The effect of carbides transformation on the creep resistance of K465 alloy is not pronounced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials)
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11 pages, 4552 KiB  
Article
Effects of Boron Content on Microstructure and Wear Properties of FeCoCrNiBx High-Entropy Alloy Coating by Laser Cladding
by Dezheng Liu, Jing Zhao, Yan Li, Wenli Zhu and Liangxu Lin
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010049 - 19 Dec 2019
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2639
Abstract
The FeCoCrNiBx high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings with three different boron (B) contents were synthesized on Q245R steel (American grade: SA515 Gr60) by laser cladding deposition technology. Effects of B content on the microstructure and wear properties of FeCoCrNiBx HEA coating were [...] Read more.
The FeCoCrNiBx high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings with three different boron (B) contents were synthesized on Q245R steel (American grade: SA515 Gr60) by laser cladding deposition technology. Effects of B content on the microstructure and wear properties of FeCoCrNiBx HEA coating were investigated. In this study, the phase composition, microstructure, micro-hardness, and wear resistance (rolling friction) were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a micro hardness tester, and a roller friction wear tester, respectively. The FeCoCrNiBx coatings exhibited a typical dendritic and interdendritic structure, and the microstructure was refined with the increase of B content. Additionally, the coatings were found to be a simple face-centered cubic (FCC) solid solution with borides. In terms of mechanical properties, the hardness and wear resistance ability of the coating can be enhanced with the increase of the B content, and the maximum hardness value of three HEA coatings reached around 1025 HV0.2, which is higher than the hardness of the substrate material. It is suggested that the present fabricated HEA coatings possess potentials in application of wear resistance structures for Q245R steel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials)
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15 pages, 4854 KiB  
Article
Effect of Boron and Oxygen on the Structure and Properties of Protective Decorative Cr–Al–Ti–N Coatings Deposited by Closed Field Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering (CFUBMS)
by Ph. V. Kiryukhantsev-Korneev, Zh. S. Amankeldina, A. N. Sheveyko, S. Vorotilo and E. A. Levashov
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(22), 4977; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224977 - 19 Nov 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2654
Abstract
Boron and oxygen-doped Cr–Al–Ti–N coatings were deposited by closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering (CFUBMS) of TiB target manufactured by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, and Ti, Cr, and Al targets. To evaluate the influence of doping elements, as-deposited coatings were studied by glow discharge optical [...] Read more.
Boron and oxygen-doped Cr–Al–Ti–N coatings were deposited by closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering (CFUBMS) of TiB target manufactured by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, and Ti, Cr, and Al targets. To evaluate the influence of doping elements, as-deposited coatings were studied by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES), SEM, XRD, and optical profilometry. Mechanical properties were measured by nanoindentation and tribological, abrasive and electrochemical testing. The introduction of boron suppresses columnar growth and leads to structural refinement and a decrease of coating’s surface roughness. The addition of 2.3 at.% boron results in the highest mechanical properties: hardness H = 15 GPa, stable friction coefficient f = 0.65, and specific wear Vw = 7.5 × 10−6 mm3N−1m−1. To make the coating more visually appealing, oxygen was introduced in the chamber near the end of the deposition cycle. Upper Cr–Al–Ti–B–O–N layers were studied in terms of their composition and coloration, and the developed two-layer decorative coatings were deposited on cast metallic art pieces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials)
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14 pages, 7285 KiB  
Article
Self-Piercing Riveted Joint of Vibration-Damping Steel and Aluminum Alloy
by Dong-Hyuck Kam, Taek-Eon Jeong, Min-Gyu Kim and Joonghan Shin
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(21), 4575; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9214575 - 28 Oct 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3107
Abstract
In this study, the self-piercing rivet (SPR) joining of vibration-damping steel and aluminum alloy (Al5052-H32) is successfully carried out, for the first time to our knowledge, and the effects of die type and joint configuration on the mechanical performance, failure mode, and geometrical [...] Read more.
In this study, the self-piercing rivet (SPR) joining of vibration-damping steel and aluminum alloy (Al5052-H32) is successfully carried out, for the first time to our knowledge, and the effects of die type and joint configuration on the mechanical performance, failure mode, and geometrical characteristics of the new joint are investigated. The vibration-damping steel and Al5052-H32 SPR joint exhibits the largest tensile–shear load when a flat die is used. An increase in the die taper angle and diameter decreases the mechanical performance of the joint due to the increase in volume of the die, leading to a smaller interlock width of the joint. The joint configuration with Al5052-H32 as a top sheet has superior mechanical performance compared with the reverse configuration, owing to the increase of the interlock width. All SPR joints of vibration-damping steel and Al5052-H32 show consistent rivet pull-out failure, regardless of the joint configuration, because of relatively small interlock width. It is also found that these SPR joints show better mechanical performance than those of SPFC590DP (a skin material of the vibration-damping steel) and Al5052-H32 under the Al5052-H32–top configuration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials)
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14 pages, 6768 KiB  
Article
Effect of ElectroSpark Process Parameters on the WE43 Magnesium Alloy Deposition Quality
by Gilda Renna, Paola Leo and Caterina Casavola
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(20), 4383; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9204383 - 17 Oct 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1748
Abstract
This research aims to investigate the effects of process parameters on the quality of WE43 coatings deposited on homologue substrate by ElectroSpark Deposition (ESD) technology. ESD is new technology used to apply coatings or for the restoration and refurbishment of worn or damaged [...] Read more.
This research aims to investigate the effects of process parameters on the quality of WE43 coatings deposited on homologue substrate by ElectroSpark Deposition (ESD) technology. ESD is new technology used to apply coatings or for the restoration and refurbishment of worn or damaged high valued parts. The depositions were processed using five different levels of Energy input (Es, Spark Energy). The microstructure of both the base material and deposits cross-section were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopies. Also, X-ray diffraction technique was used. In addition, stereological studies of the through-thickness heterogeneities of the deposits (e.g., voids) were performed. The mechanical properties were evaluated by Vickers micro-hardness. The results show that the deposits exhibited a fine grained microstructure due to the rapid solidification. The average micro-hardness values of the deposits are lower than that of the substrate and distributed in a small range (49–60 HV). The lower hardness of the deposits respect to the base material is due to the presence of defectiveness such as spherical, laminar and random shaped voids. The defects area percentage inside the deposits remains well below than 11%. All the deposits were mainly affected by laminar morphology defects. The results indicate that the deposits defectiveness decreases as the energy input increases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials)
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14 pages, 6769 KiB  
Article
Effects of Surface Roughness and Force of Electrode on Resistance Spot Weldability of Aluminum 6061 Alloy
by Hyeonggeun Jo, Dongcheol Kim, Munjin Kang, Junhong Park and Young-Min Kim
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(19), 3958; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9193958 - 20 Sep 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2545
Abstract
The effects of electrode surface roughness and force on the resistance spot weldability and sticking of the electrode during resistance spot welding (RSW) of aluminum 6061-T6 alloy were investigated. RSW was carried out using an as-received electrode and an abraded electrode polished with [...] Read more.
The effects of electrode surface roughness and force on the resistance spot weldability and sticking of the electrode during resistance spot welding (RSW) of aluminum 6061-T6 alloy were investigated. RSW was carried out using an as-received electrode and an abraded electrode polished with sandpaper, and the nugget size and properties such as tensile shear strength and hardness of the resulting welds were investigated at two different electrode forces. In addition, a continuous RSW process was performed on the alloy to observe the effect of the electrode surface roughness on electrode sticking. When RSW was performed using the abraded electrode, which had a rough surface, the contact resistance decreased because of the effective removal of the oxide film from the surface of the aluminum alloy; consequently, the heat generated by the resistance on the surface was reduced. In addition, the growth rate of the weld nuggets formed with the abraded electrode in the thickness direction was lower than that of the nuggets formed with the as-received electrode, and the sticking of the abraded electrode was comparatively less. Also, the influence of the electrode force on the sticking of the electrode was greater in the case of the as-received electrode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials)
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