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Applied Sciences
Special Issues
5G/6G Mechanisms, Services, and Applications
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5G/6G Mechanisms, Services, and Applications

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2024 | Viewed by 4840

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marek Natkaniec

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Telecommunications, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Interests: wireless networks; 5G NR-unlicensed; wireless LANs; internet of things; quality of service; threat detection; steganography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Katarzyna Kosek-Szott

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Telecommunications, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Interests: 5G and 6G networks; IEEE 802.11 standard amendments; network coexistence; dense networks; Internet of Things; qualtity of service

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wireless technology is constantly evolving to satisfy the ever-growing expectations of both end users and network operators. Furthermore, there is a growing need for ubiquitous connectivity. The observed changes lead to the densification of wireless deployments, increased traffic, new challenges, and applications. Additionally, given that the functionality of future wireless networks will depend primarily on the applications they need to support, conducting comprehensive research to identify the most appropriate wireless technologies is crucial.

Despite the continued deployment of 5G networks, scientists are already looking into new 6G wireless networks. The desired technology leap will be possible with the new physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layer enhancements defined across different standardization bodies. However, many of the intended solutions are currently at an initial stage (e.g., supporting cellular and Wi-Fi networks with machine learning) and still need the final definition and intensive evaluation.

The main aim of this Special Issue is to seek high-quality submissions focusing on the newly proposed and forthcoming wireless mechanisms, services, and applications. New mathematical models as well as simulator and experimental works are required to evaluate the performance of future wireless technologies.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • 5G/6G systems and beyond;
  • Evolution of cellular networks from 5G to 6G;
  • Next generation of Wi-Fi networks;
  • Cooperation algorithms for dense networks;
  • Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Everything (IoE);
  • Coexistence of wireless technologies in unlicensed bands;
  • Network virtualization and software-defined wireless networks;
  • Mechanisms and protocols for improvement of the quality of service;
  • Artificial intelligence/machine learning algorithms for optimizing wireless networks;
  • Simulation tools for wireless network performance evaluation;
  • Wireless testbeds and prototypes;
  • Wireless network support for emerging applications (metaverse, XR/VR, holographic telepresence, etc.).

Dr. Marek Natkaniec
Dr. Katarzyna Kosek-Szott
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • 5G and 6G networks
  • IEEE 802.11 including standard amendments
  • network coexistence
  • dense networks
  • Internet of Things
  • quality of service

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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0 pages, 13921 KiB  
Article
Mobile Network Operators’ Assessment Based on Drive-Test Campaign in Urban Area for iPerf Scenario
by Dariusz Zmysłowski and Jan M. Kelner
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(3), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031268 - 03 Feb 2024
Viewed by 743
Abstract
The development of new telecommunication services requires the implementation of advanced technologies and the next generations of networks. Currently, the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a widely used standard. On the other hand, more and more mobile network operators (MNOs) are implementing the fifth-generation [...] Read more.
The development of new telecommunication services requires the implementation of advanced technologies and the next generations of networks. Currently, the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a widely used standard. On the other hand, more and more mobile network operators (MNOs) are implementing the fifth-generation (5G) New Radio standard in their networks. It allows for increasing throughput, spectral, and energy efficiency and maximizing coverage, while reducing latency. The effectiveness of the introduced changes is measured by assessing the quality of service (QoS) in mobile networks. The paper presents the result evaluation of the QoS measurement campaign carried out using the drive test method in an urban area for four MNOs. We analyze the data transmission scenario, which is the basis of most modern telecommunications services. The result comparison provides an assessment of the 5G service implementation advancement by MNOs. In this analysis, we consider many QoS metrics (e.g., session time, throughput, and round-trip time) and parameters defining the radio signal quality (i.e., reference signal received power, signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio). Our work also included searching for relationships between these parameters, using a correlation analysis. It allows for the selection of uncorrelated parameters to assess the quality of network, i.e., MNO evaluation, in terms of the provided QoS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G/6G Mechanisms, Services, and Applications)
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19 pages, 3775 KiB  
Article
An Optimal Scheduling Technique for Smart Grid Communications over 5G Networks
by Efe F. Orumwense and Khaled Abo-Al-Ez
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11470; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011470 - 19 Oct 2023
Viewed by 792
Abstract
The latest wireless network technology, Fifth Generation (5G) new radio (NR), is considered to be an emerging wireless network solution for smart grid (SG) communications owing to its ultra-reliable low latency and larger bandwidth properties. Packet scheduling is one of the mechanisms that [...] Read more.
The latest wireless network technology, Fifth Generation (5G) new radio (NR), is considered to be an emerging wireless network solution for smart grid (SG) communications owing to its ultra-reliable low latency and larger bandwidth properties. Packet scheduling is one of the mechanisms that plays a vital function in the performance of smart grid communications since it is highly responsible for the bandwidth resource allocation processes. The union of a scheduling approach and a beamforming technique can, however, boost the performance of multi-users in the communication system. Since 5G communication is not intended for smart grid communications, the performance of a scheduling approach must be properly utilized and effectively optimized. This paper evaluates and examines the Deadline Scheduling with Commitment (DSC) scheduling approach and further demonstrates that the performance of the popular Earliest Deadline First (EDF) scheduling approach can be richly enhanced by our modification and improvement of the approach. A novel Optimal Usage and Dropping Scheduling (OUD) approach for proper utilization and assigning of Resource Blocks (RBs) is also proposed to meet the stringent requirements of smart grid communications. Several performance indexes are employed to ascertain the performance of these scheduling approaches, and the results indicate that our proposed OUD approach shows a superior scheduling performance. It is concluded that 5G communications can be effectively employed in smart grids while utilizing the proposed OUD scheduling approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G/6G Mechanisms, Services, and Applications)
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17 pages, 2776 KiB  
Article
High-Precision Ranging Method of 5G NR Co-Band PRS in Industrial Internet Scenarios
by Kai Luo, Zhongliang Deng, Xiaobin Guo, Ziyao Ma and Jingrong Liu
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(18), 10302; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810302 - 14 Sep 2023
Viewed by 965
Abstract
To meet the demand for high-precision positioning in commercial industrial internet scenarios, 3GPP introduced the Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) in the 5G standard. However, the PRS signal occupies specific time and frequency resources for transmission in 5G systems, limiting the efficiency of communication [...] Read more.
To meet the demand for high-precision positioning in commercial industrial internet scenarios, 3GPP introduced the Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) in the 5G standard. However, the PRS signal occupies specific time and frequency resources for transmission in 5G systems, limiting the efficiency of communication signal transmission to some extent. In this regard, we propose a 5G NR Co-Band PRS model that allows for the superimposition of PRS signals on communication signals in a low-power manner, without requiring additional communication resources or causing too much interference to the communication signal. Since orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals are sensitive to synchronization errors, we have developed a three-stage Co-Band PRS-based reception scheme. First, an innovative weighted window coarse synchronization method is proposed to enhance the performance of capturing communication signals at a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Next, the interference cancellation technique is utilized to remove the communication signals, and the synchronization error is corrected through multipath delay estimation. Finally, to further improve the ranging accuracy, we propose an iterative delay-locked loop (DLL) algorithm that can achieve a tracking accuracy of one percent sampling. Simulation and real environment tests confirm that the proposed Co-Band PRS reception scheme can achieve a ranging accuracy of 0.16 m@90%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G/6G Mechanisms, Services, and Applications)
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18 pages, 2522 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis of QoS-Oriented OFDMA Protocol Based on IEEE 802.11ax for Cognitive Radio Network
by Suoping Li, Hailing Yang, Ruiman Gao, Tongtong Jia and Hongli Li
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(12), 7163; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13127163 - 15 Jun 2023
Viewed by 738
Abstract
To improve the quality of service (QoS) on the internet of medical things, a cognitive radio (CR) protocol based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is proposed, named CR-OFDMA. In this protocol, we divide a complete channel into multiple orthogonal subchannels and [...] Read more.
To improve the quality of service (QoS) on the internet of medical things, a cognitive radio (CR) protocol based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is proposed, named CR-OFDMA. In this protocol, we divide a complete channel into multiple orthogonal subchannels and enhance the subchannel assignment scheme, which achieves QoS improvement under consideration of priority and fairness. Furthermore, we improve spectrum resource utilization by fully utilizing the remaining subchannels, feedback slots, and backoff slots. Then, a two-dimensional Markov model is established to describe the dynamic characteristics of the protocol operation, where the backoff stage and the backoff counter value constitute the system state. By establishing the traffic conservation equations for the system operation, the transmission probability and collision probability are calculated, and expressions of system throughput, channel utilization, and fairness index are derived. Finally, numerical results validate the advantages of CR-OFDMA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G/6G Mechanisms, Services, and Applications)
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Review

Jump to: Research

43 pages, 1685 KiB  
Review
From Cyber–Physical Convergence to Digital Twins: A Review on Edge Computing Use Case Designs
by Mduduzi C. Hlophe and Bodhaswar T. Maharaj
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(24), 13262; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132413262 - 14 Dec 2023
Viewed by 995
Abstract
As a result of the new telecommunication ecosystem landscape, wireless communication has become an interdisciplinary field whose future is shaped by several interacting dimensions. These interacting dimensions, which form the cyber–physical convergence, closely link the technological perspective to its social, economic, and cognitive [...] Read more.
As a result of the new telecommunication ecosystem landscape, wireless communication has become an interdisciplinary field whose future is shaped by several interacting dimensions. These interacting dimensions, which form the cyber–physical convergence, closely link the technological perspective to its social, economic, and cognitive sciences counterparts. Beyond the current operational framework of the Internet of Things (IoT), network devices will be equipped with capabilities for learning, thinking, and understanding so that they can autonomously make decisions and take appropriate actions. Through this autonomous operation, wireless networking will be ushered into a paradigm that is primarily inspired by the efficient and effective use of (i) AI strategies, (ii) big data analytics, as well as (iii) cognition. This is the Cognitive Internet of People Processes Data and Things (CIoPPD&T), which can be defined in terms of the cyber–physical convergence. In this article, through the discussion of how the cyber–physical convergence and the interacting dynamics of the socio-technical ecosystem are enablers of digital twins (DTs), the network DT (NDT) is discussed in the context of 6G networks. Then, the design and realization of edge computing-based NDTs are discussed, which culminate with the vehicle-to-edge (V2E) use cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G/6G Mechanisms, Services, and Applications)
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