Applied Sciences

Editorial

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2 pages, 161 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Artificial Intelligence in Planning Oral Rehabilitations: Current Status

by Arthur Rodriguez Gonzalez Cortes

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4093; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104093 - 11 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1324

Abstract

Diagnostic digital 3D images, such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have been widely evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively regarding their diagnostic performance for identify various alterations [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements and Updates in Digital Dentistry)

Research

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12 pages, 907 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Digital Imaging Tools and Artificial Intelligence on Self-Reported Outcomes of Dentists

by Hossam Dawa, Juliana No-Cortes, Miguel Peñarrocha-Diago, Henrique Vicente, Carlos Ribeiro and Arthur Rodriguez Gonzalez Cortes

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7943; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147943 - 16 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1957

Abstract

Background: The integration of digital imaging tools in dentistry has transformed clinical workflows, diagnostic accuracy, and patient outcomes. However, less attention has been given to how these tools influence dentists’ self-reported outcomes, including clinical confidence, efficiency, perceived treatment quality, communication, and professional satisfaction. [...] Read more.

Background: The integration of digital imaging tools in dentistry has transformed clinical workflows, diagnostic accuracy, and patient outcomes. However, less attention has been given to how these tools influence dentists’ self-reported outcomes, including clinical confidence, efficiency, perceived treatment quality, communication, and professional satisfaction. This article aimed at assessing AI-powered digital tools in dentistry and their self-reported impact on dental practitioners’ activity and treatment outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive survey was distributed to 126 dental professionals of different genders, ages, years of experience, and types of dental practice to assess their experiences and attitudes towards AI applications in diagnostics and treatment planning, as well as how patients and dentists perceive the benefits and challenges associated with digital dentistry. Results: Digital photographs and CBCT were regarded as essential tools to have in clinical practice, in contrast with intraoral scanners. However, barriers like high initial costs, specialty differences, and lack of formal training may influence the results. Conclusion: These findings suggest that when used appropriately, AI digital tools can significantly elevate the quality of clinical practice and professional fulfillment and underscore the importance of tailored training programs and supportive infrastructures to facilitate the effective integration of digital technologies in dental practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements and Updates in Digital Dentistry)

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16 pages, 4694 KB

Open AccessArticle

Radiological Healing Patterns and Functional Outcomes After Conservative Treatment of Unilateral Condylar Fractures: A Report of Two Cases

by Edoardo Staderini, Irene Cavalcanti, Anna Schiavelli, Patrizia Gallenzi, Gabriele Di Carlo and Massimo Cordaro

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4261; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084261 - 12 Apr 2025

Viewed by 1917

Abstract

(1) Background: Condylar fracture healing pattern classification in children and adolescents is primarily based on the radiological assessment of condylar morphology; however, recent studies showed the presence of a poor correlation between post-treatment radiological findings and clinical temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. The present [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Condylar fracture healing pattern classification in children and adolescents is primarily based on the radiological assessment of condylar morphology; however, recent studies showed the presence of a poor correlation between post-treatment radiological findings and clinical temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. The present case series aimed to correlate the condylar morphology, shape, and trabecular bone density with the skeletal asymmetry and the clinical recovery of two growing patients with unilateral condylar fractures undergoing orthopedic treatment with the Balters Bionator appliance. (2) Methods: Pre- and post-treatment (12 months) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of two growing patients with unilateral condylar fracture were retrieved; both patients were treated with the Balters Bionator appliance for one year. Morphological evaluation of the condylar healing pattern was carried out on CBCT reconstructions of the mandible. Condylar remodeling and skeletal asymmetry were assessed through linear measurements performed on pre- and post-treatment CBCT scans; then, fractal analysis (FA) was employed to assess the condylar trabecular bone density on orthopantomographies (OPTs). Clinical and TMJ functional evaluation were retrieved from patients’ records from before and at the end of the treatment (12 months). (3) Results: Conservative treatment of condylar fractures in growing patients led to an increased bone density of the condylar heads, regardless of the post-treatment size and morphology of the injured condyles. Patient one presented an unchanged condylar morphology on the affected side, while patient two’s condyle was slightly spherical. The qualitative results were confirmed by quantitative measurements on CBCTs. The radiological healing patterns were associated with slightly different functional outcomes. Both patients also exhibited an improvement in skeletal asymmetry and TMJ function. (4) Conclusions: According to the findings in the present study, the condylar remodeling and bone apposition after conservative treatment of condylar fractures in growing patients can exhibit different radiological and functional outcomes. Indeed, an unchanged morphology of the condylar head is more likely to determine a physiological TMJ recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements and Updates in Digital Dentistry)

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8 pages, 1940 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predictability of Maxillary Expansion with Invisalign^® First: Treatment Planning vs. Outcome

by Luca Levrini, Piero Antonio Zecca, Alessandro Deppieri, Margherita Caccia, Eleonora Ivonne Scurati, Valentina Angela Legramandi and Andrea Carganico

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9871; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219871 - 29 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5751

Abstract

The aim of this study is to retrospectively investigate the predictability of maxillary arch expansion with Invisalign ^® First in mixed dentition. In a sample of 64 treated patients, 3D digital models from the ClinCheck^® software were compared with post-treatment digital models. [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to retrospectively investigate the predictability of maxillary arch expansion with Invisalign ^® First in mixed dentition. In a sample of 64 treated patients, 3D digital models from the ClinCheck^® software were compared with post-treatment digital models. Predicted maxillary expansion was related to the final outcome of expansion. At the cuspidal level, there was observed a predictability of 59.68% for deciduous canines, 63.77% for first deciduous molars, 66.99% for second deciduous molars, and 55.61% for first permanent molars. At the gingival level, there was observed a predictability of 49.87% for deciduous canines, 53.11% for first deciduous molars, 53.36% for second deciduous molars, and 45.16% for first permanent molars. The difference between the predicted and achieved expansion was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Within the present limitations, our results suggest that, with Invisalign^® First, it is possible to expand the upper arch in mixed dentition in an effective and predictable way. Clear aligners could represent a new and valid alternative for arch expansion in growing patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements and Updates in Digital Dentistry)

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13 pages, 1305 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of UV Light Exposure During Printing on Thermomechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Polyurethane-Based Orthodontic Aligners

by Luka Šimunović, Antun Jakob Marić, Ivana Bačić, Tatjana Haramina and Senka Meštrović

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9580; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209580 - 21 Oct 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2877

Abstract

Aim: Polyurethane-based aligners, created through photoinitiated free-radical polymerization, have been the subject of numerous studies focusing solely on their mechanical properties. In contrast, we investigate their thermomechanical properties, which are crucial for their efficacy. This paper aims to investigate the effects of different [...] Read more.

Aim: Polyurethane-based aligners, created through photoinitiated free-radical polymerization, have been the subject of numerous studies focusing solely on their mechanical properties. In contrast, we investigate their thermomechanical properties, which are crucial for their efficacy. This paper aims to investigate the effects of different UV light exposure durations on the complex modulus of elasticity, tan delta, glass transition temperature, and the degree of conversion (DC). Methods: Aligners were printed using Tera Harz TC-85 and NextDent Ortho Flex resin with specific exposure times (2, 2.4, 3, 4, and 4.5 s for Tera Harz; 5, 6, 7, and 8 s for NextDent) and processed per manufacturer guidelines. The degree of conversion was analyzed using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, while Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) characterized the mechanical properties (complex modulus and tan delta) and the glass transition. Results: Tera Harz TC-85 showed a higher degree of conversion (90.29–94.54%), suggesting fewer residual monomers, which is potentially healthier for patients. However, its lower glass transition temperature (35.60–38.74 °C) might cause it to become rubbery in the mouth. NextDent Orto Flex, with a higher storage modulus (641.85–794.55 MPa) and Tg (49.36–50.98 °C), offers greater rigidity and stability at higher temperatures (greater than temperature in the oral cavity), ideal for orthodontic forces, though its lower degree of conversion raises health concerns. Conclusions: Tera Harz TC 85 generally achieves higher DC and more stable polymerization across different UV exposure times than NextDent Orto Flex. Optimal polymerization times significantly impact both the mechanical and thermal properties of these dental resins, with NextDent showing optimal properties at 7 s and Tera Harz benefiting from both very short and extended exposure times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements and Updates in Digital Dentistry)

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Review

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11 pages, 245 KB

Open AccessReview

Digital Surgical Guides in Bone Regeneration: Literature Review and Clinical Case Report

by Óscar Iglesias-Velázquez, Baoluo Xing Gao, Francisco G. F. Tresguerres, Luis Miguel Sáez Alcaide, Isabel Leco Berrocal and Jesús Torres García-Denche

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010537 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 712

Abstract

The present study describes a digitally guided workflow for the Split Bone Block Technique (SBBT) using standardized cortical and particulate allogeneic grafts in combination with custom-designed, 3D-printed surgical guides. The aim was to illustrate the feasibility of a donor-site-free alternative to the conventional [...] Read more.

The present study describes a digitally guided workflow for the Split Bone Block Technique (SBBT) using standardized cortical and particulate allogeneic grafts in combination with custom-designed, 3D-printed surgical guides. The aim was to illustrate the feasibility of a donor-site-free alternative to the conventional autologous approach, which remains technically demanding and associated with increased morbidity. A narrative literature review and a single clinical case report were conducted to contextualize the proposed workflow. Digital planning was performed by merging DICOM and STL datasets to design cutting boxes for standardized allogeneic laminae and a transporter guide for intraoperative positioning. The technique was applied in a patient with severe horizontal ridge atrophy. Primary wound closure and uneventful healing were achieved. Six-month CBCT evaluation demonstrated an increase in horizontal ridge width from 2 mm to 8 mm. Within the limitations of a single illustrative case, this report suggests that a fully guided allogeneic SBBT workflow is feasible and may facilitate controlled graft adaptation while avoiding autologous bone harvesting. Further controlled clinical studies are required to evaluate accuracy, reproducibility, and long-term outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements and Updates in Digital Dentistry)

Other

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25 pages, 5863 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

AI-Enhanced CBCT for Quantifying Orthodontic Root Resorption: Evidence from a Systematic Review and a Clinical Case of Severe Bilateral Canine Impaction

by Teresa Pinho, Letícia Costa and João Pedro Carvalho

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020771 - 12 Jan 2026

Viewed by 801

Abstract

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) integrated with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has rapidly advanced the diagnostic capability of orthodontics, particularly for quantifying external root resorption (ERR). High-risk scenarios such as bilateral maxillary canine impaction require objective tools to guide treatment decisions and prevent irreversible [...] Read more.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) integrated with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has rapidly advanced the diagnostic capability of orthodontics, particularly for quantifying external root resorption (ERR). High-risk scenarios such as bilateral maxillary canine impaction require objective tools to guide treatment decisions and prevent irreversible damage. Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and clinical applicability of AI-assisted CBCT for orthodontically induced ERR, and to demonstrate its value in a complex clinical case where decision-making regarding canine traction versus extraction required precise risk quantification and definition of biological limits. Methods: A systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library (2015–September 2025). Eligible studies applied AI-enhanced CBCT to assess ERR in orthodontic patients. Additionally, a clinical case with bilaterally impacted maxillary canines was evaluated using CBCT with automated AI segmentation and manual refinement to quantify root volume changes and determine prognostic thresholds for treatment modification. Results: Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. AI-based imaging, predominantly convolutional neural networks, showed high diagnostic accuracy (up to 94%), improving reproducibility and reducing operator dependency. In the clinical case, volumetric monitoring showed rapid progression of ERR in the lateral incisors (LI) associated with a persistent unfavorable 3D spatial relationship between the canines and incisor roots, despite controlled distal traction with skeletal anchorage, leading to a timely change in the treatment plan and extraction of the severely compromised incisors with substitution by the canines. AI-generated data provided objective evidence supporting safer decision-making and prevented further structural deterioration. Conclusions: AI-enhanced CBCT enables early, objective, and quantifiable ERR assessment, strengthening prognosis-based decisions in orthodontics. Findings of this review and the clinical case highlight the translational relevance of AI for managing high-risk cases, such as maxillary canine impaction with extensive LI resorption, supporting future predictive AI models for safer canine traction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements and Updates in Digital Dentistry)

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13 pages, 5639 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Full Digital Workflow for Aesthetic Rehabilitation of the Upper Teeth: A Case Report

by Gilbert Jorquera, Louis Hardan, Rim Bourgi, David Arias, Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez, Krystyna Pietrzycka and Monika Lukomska-Szymanska

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5957; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135957 - 8 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4824

Abstract

The present case report presents a digital workflow for designing an aesthetic rehabilitation of the upper anterior teeth in an adult male. The patient suffered from a gummy smile resulting from an unfavorable ratio between upper lip length and gingiva/tooth display. In addition, [...] Read more.

The present case report presents a digital workflow for designing an aesthetic rehabilitation of the upper anterior teeth in an adult male. The patient suffered from a gummy smile resulting from an unfavorable ratio between upper lip length and gingiva/tooth display. In addition, the tooth shapes, color, and position were not accepted by the patient. The treatment planning included gingivectomy based on a digitally designed PMMA guide performed using a soft tissue SOGA laser (Shenzhen Soga Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China). The preparation was guided by the plastic guides for preparation control created digitally in Exocad software (Rijeka 3.1. Darmstadt, Germany) and printed in three-dimensional plastic. Next, both arches and maximum intercuspation were scanned. The milled lithium disilicate veneers were manufactured using CAD-computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) equipment. The restorations were cemented using a translucent light-cure resin cement (RelyX Universal, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA). Next, occlusion adjustment and polishing were executed. Based on the present case report, it can be assumed that the application of digital techniques allows us to achieve an aesthetic and functional result with reduced work time and errors. Emphasizing the clinical impact, these methods enhance patient satisfaction and treatment accuracy in intricate aesthetic rehabilitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements and Updates in Digital Dentistry)

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