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Antioxidants
Special Issues
Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Astrocytes
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Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Astrocytes

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "ROS, RNS and RSS".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2019) | Viewed by 28839

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mark Dallas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Interests: glial physiology; ionic homeostasis; electrophysiology; gasotransmitters
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The field of astrocyte biology has grown rapidly in response to our understanding of these unique cells and their contributions to brain physiology and pathology. It is now well recognised that astrocytes contribute to neurotransmission, blood flow and metabolic supply. Evidence also indicates that dysfunctional astrocytes play a role in pathological processes. There is a clear relationship between oxidative/nitrosative stress and complex neurological disorders, what is less clear is the active role that astrocytes playing in initiating this or indeed preventing it.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to bring together our current understanding of the impact of oxidative and nitrative stress on astrocyte function. These are common hallmarks of neurological disorders and can have wide ranging effects on astrocyte biology from metabolism to fluid homeostasis. This Special Issue invites original research and review articles on the subject of oxidative and nitrosative stress in astrocytes.

Dr. Mark Dallas
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Astrocyte
  • Oxidative stress
  • Nitrosative stress
  • Neurodegeneration
  • Ionic homeostasis

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1609 KiB  
Article
Nrf2 Plays an Essential Role in Long-Term Brain Damage and Neuroprotection of Korean Red Ginseng in a Permanent Cerebral Ischemia Model
by Lei Liu, Marie G. Kelly, Erika L. Wierzbicki, Iana C. Escober-Nario, Mary K. Vollmer and Sylvain Doré
Antioxidants 2019, 8(8), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080273 - 3 Aug 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4758
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a devastating disease with a high incidence of death and disability; however, effective therapeutics remain limited. The transcriptional factor Nrf2 has been shown to play a pivotal role in the endogenous defense against brain oxidative stress and inflammation and therefore [...] Read more.
Cerebral ischemia is a devastating disease with a high incidence of death and disability; however, effective therapeutics remain limited. The transcriptional factor Nrf2 has been shown to play a pivotal role in the endogenous defense against brain oxidative stress and inflammation and therefore represents a promising target for stroke intervention. However, the long-term effects of Nrf2 and the standardized Korean red ginseng (ginseng), a potent Nrf2 natural inducer, on permanent cerebral ischemic damage have not yet been reported. Wildtype (WT) and Nrf2−/− adult mice were pretreated with either vehicle or ginseng and were subjected to permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (pdMCAO). The infarct volume, the reactive astrocytes and microglia, and the water regulatory protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4) were examined at 28 days after stroke. When compared with the WT matched controls, the Nrf2 disruption significantly enlarged the infarct volume (40.4 ± 10.1%) and exacerbated the progression of reactive gliosis and AQP4 protein levels after pdMCAO. In contrast, ginseng significantly reduced the infarct volume and attenuated the reactive gliosis and AQP4 in the ischemic WT mice (47.3 ± 6.9%), but not in the Nrf2−/− mice (25.5 ± 5.6%). In conclusion, Nrf2 plays an important role in the long-term recovery of permanent cerebral ischemic damage and the neuroprotection of ginseng. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Astrocytes)
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Review

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19 pages, 1007 KiB  
Review
Astrocytic Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Contributes to Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: The Dual Role of Reactive Astrocytes
by Asha Rizor, Edward Pajarillo, James Johnson, Michael Aschner and Eunsook Lee
Antioxidants 2019, 8(8), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080265 - 1 Aug 2019
Cited by 84 | Viewed by 12724
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide; it is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta, but its etiology is not fully understood. Astrocytes, a class of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), provide [...] Read more.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide; it is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta, but its etiology is not fully understood. Astrocytes, a class of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), provide critical structural and metabolic support to neurons, but growing evidence reveals that astrocytic oxidative and nitrosative stress contributes to PD pathogenesis. As astrocytes play a critical role in the production of antioxidants and the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), astrocytic oxidative/nitrosative stress has emerged as a critical mediator of the etiology of PD. Cellular stress and inflammation induce reactive astrogliosis, which initiates the production of astrocytic ROS/RNS and may lead to oxidative/nitrosative stress and PD pathogenesis. Although the cause of aberrant reactive astrogliosis is unknown, gene mutations and environmental toxicants may also contribute to astrocytic oxidative/nitrosative stress. In this review, we briefly discuss the physiological functions of astrocytes and the role of astrocytic oxidative/nitrosative stress in PD pathogenesis. Additionally, we examine the impact of PD-related genes such as α-synuclein, protein deglycase DJ-1( DJ-1), Parkin, and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) on astrocytic function, and highlight the impact of environmental toxicants, such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), rotenone, manganese, and paraquat, on astrocytic oxidative/nitrosative stress in experimental models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Astrocytes)
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19 pages, 1383 KiB  
Review
The Role of Astrocytes in the Central Nervous System Focused on BK Channel and Heme Oxygenase Metabolites: A Review
by Yonghee Kim, Jinhong Park and Yoon Kyung Choi
Antioxidants 2019, 8(5), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8050121 - 5 May 2019
Cited by 107 | Viewed by 10942
Abstract
Astrocytes outnumber neurons in the human brain, and they play a key role in numerous functions within the central nervous system (CNS), including glutamate, ion (i.e., Ca2+, K+) and water homeostasis, defense against oxidative/nitrosative stress, energy storage, mitochondria biogenesis, [...] Read more.
Astrocytes outnumber neurons in the human brain, and they play a key role in numerous functions within the central nervous system (CNS), including glutamate, ion (i.e., Ca2+, K+) and water homeostasis, defense against oxidative/nitrosative stress, energy storage, mitochondria biogenesis, scar formation, tissue repair via angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and synapse modulation. After CNS injury, astrocytes communicate with surrounding neuronal and vascular systems, leading to the clearance of disease-specific protein aggregates, such as β-amyloid, and α-synuclein. The astrocytic big conductance K+ (BK) channel plays a role in these processes. Recently, potential therapeutic agents that target astrocytes have been tested for their potential to repair the brain. In this review, we discuss the role of the BK channel and antioxidant agents such as heme oxygenase metabolites following CNS injury. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of astrocytes’ functions in the healthy and diseased brains will greatly contribute to the development of therapeutic approaches following CNS injury, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Astrocytes)
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